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However, the fungal\u2013bacterial interactions and their possible functional routes are less understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> on <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> growth and pathogenicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> EVs were isolated from a yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium, and their morphology, size distribution, and protein concentration were observed and identified. The effects of EVs on planktonic <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> were evaluated using growth curves and colony\u2010forming unit counts, whereas the effects on <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> biofilms were determined using scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopes. The ability of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> to resist a detrimental environment, infect dentinal tubules, and biofilm formation on gutta percha was examined. Additionally, the effect of EVs on cell invasion and cytotoxicity of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using one\u2010way analysis of variance, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010values of &lt;.05 were considered significantly different.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> EVs were nanoparticles with bilayer membranes and with peak sizes of 111.9 and 230\u2009nm. EVs exhibited a complex effect on <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> and its biofilms; 5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of EVs showed inhibitory effects whereas 0.156\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of EVs facilitated their growth. The EVs showed consistent effects on <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> virulence. Notably, 5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of EVs reduced the damage to RAW264.7 cells caused by <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>, as well as the invasion ability of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> to macrophages and the intracellular survival ability of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> after macrophage phagocytosis, whereas 0.156\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of EVs had completely opposite effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> EVs showed dual effects on <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> growth and virulence <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, suggesting <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> EVs are involved in fungal\u2013bacterial communication. Moreover, the inhibitory effects exhibited by 5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of EVs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> may suggest a new agent for the control of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T09:26:07Z","timestamp":1737105967000},"page":"613-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extracellular vesicles of <i>Candida albicans<\/i> show dual effects on <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i> growth and virulence: A laboratory\u2010based investigation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Sirui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and 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