{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:10:00Z","timestamp":1789243800317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to demonstrate that phase transformation analysis, assessed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), offers a more comprehensive understanding of NiTi instruments' mechanical behaviour than traditional fixed\u2010temperature fatigue testing by evaluating phase transformation temperatures and their impact on cyclic fatigue strength of ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Gold at 20 and 35\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty ProTaper Universal F2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925) and ProTaper Gold F2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925) NiTi instruments were compared for geometric design (blade length, helical spirals, spiral density, spiral geometry, tip design and surface quality) and metallurgical properties including elemental analysis (energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy) and phase transformation temperatures. Then, cyclic fatigue strength was tested at room (20\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00b0C) and body (35\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00b0C) temperatures using a standardized artificial canal and cyclic fatigue resistance test. Time to fracture (in seconds) was recorded, and data were statistically analysed using the independent Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test for intergroup analysis and the paired Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test for intragroup analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both instruments had a 17\u2009mm blade with 10 spirals (0.59 spirals\/mm), similar geometry and NiTi wires with near\u2010equiatomic nickel\u2010titanium ratios, differing only in metal alloy colour. DSC analysis showed distinct phase transformation temperatures, with ProTaper Universal exhibiting an R\u2010phase start (Rs) at 16.2\u00b0C and finish (Rf) at \u221212.7\u00b0C, while ProTaper Gold had an Rs at 44.0\u00b0C and Rf at 28.6\u00b0C, though both transitions occurred gradually. Fracture time was significantly longer at 20\u00b0C than at 35\u00b0C for both instruments (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with ProTaper Gold showing a greater reduction (58%) but maintaining superior cyclic fatigue strength at both temperatures (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cyclic fatigue strength of NiTi instruments depends on temperature, highlighting the limits of assessing performance at a single predefined temperature. DSC offers key insights into phase transformation, enabling a better interpretation of mechanical properties beyond mechanical testing alone. Integrating metallurgical characterization with cyclic fatigue analysis improves the evaluation of NiTi instruments, ensuring a more accurate understanding of their mechanical performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T10:10:01Z","timestamp":1747995001000},"page":"1267-1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing the fatigue resistance of\n                    <scp>NiTi<\/scp>\n                    instruments: A\n                    <scp>DSC<\/scp>\n                    \u2010based approach to understanding temperature effects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel J. N. L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO)  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics Rio de Janeiro State University  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Deparment of Endodontics Fluminense Federal University  Niter\u00f3i Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge N. R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Ci\u00eancias Orais e Biom\u00e9dicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Baseada na Evid\u00eancia (CEMDBE) \u2010 Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys\u2010FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murilo Priori","family":"Alcalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School S\u00e3o Paulo University  Bauru Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Versiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Specialty Center Brazilian Military Police  Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05708-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2543-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"ASTM International. (2004)ASTM F2004\u201317: standard test method for transformation temperature of nickel\u2010titanium alloys by thermal analysis. West Conshohocken PA: American Society for Testing and Materials."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(80)90313-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"ISO 3630\u20103631. (2008)Dentistry\u2014root canal instruments\u2014part 1: general requirements and test methods. Geneva Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03346-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12473"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2022.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Mastering endodontic instrumentation","author":"McSpadden J.T.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab681d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2022.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the cyclic fatigue resistance and phase transformation behavior of three different NiTi endodontic instruments","volume":"16","author":"Yi Gi T.E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12924"}],"container-title":["International Endodontic Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iej.14257","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/iej.14257","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iej.14257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T09:07:56Z","timestamp":1772960876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/iej.14257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/iej.14257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.14257","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-2885","1365-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-2885","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}