{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:58:03Z","timestamp":1790470683067,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Academic integrity is crucial in dental education, especially during practical exams assessing competencies. Traditional oversight may not detect sophisticated academic dishonesty methods like radiograph substitution or tampering. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel artificial intelligence (AI) model utilizing a Siamese neural network to detect inconsistencies in radiographic images taken for root canal treatment (RCT) procedures in preclinical endodontic courses, thereby enhancing educational integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methododology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A Siamese neural network was designed to compare radiographs from different RCT procedures. The model was trained on 3390 radiographs, with data augmentation applied to improve generalizability. The dataset was split into training, validation, and testing subsets. Performance metrics included accuracy, precision, sensitivity (recall), and F1\u2010score. Cross\u2010validation and hyperparameter tuning optimized the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our AI model achieved an accuracy of 89.31%, a precision of 76.82%, a sensitivity of 84.82%, and an F1\u2010score of 80.50%. The optimal similarity threshold was 0.48, where maximum accuracy was observed. The confusion matrix indicated a high rate of correct classifications, and cross\u2010validation confirmed the model's robustness with a standard deviation of 1.95% across folds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AI\u2010driven Siamese neural network effectively detects radiographic inconsistencies in RCT preclinical procedures. Implementing this novel model will serve as an objective tool to uphold academic integrity in dental education, enhance the fairness and reliability of assessments, promote a culture of honesty amongst students, and reduce the administrative burden on educators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T08:14:36Z","timestamp":1750320876000},"page":"1122-1131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ensuring integrity in dental education: Developing a novel\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    model for consistent and traceable image analysis in preclinical endodontic procedures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6504-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Endodontics Marquette University School of Dentistry  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meisam","family":"Omidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delta Dental Research Laboratory Marquette University School of Dentistry  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arndt","family":"Guentsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Periodontics Marquette University School of Dentistry  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Gaffney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Endodontics Marquette University School of Dentistry  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Talley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Development and Assessment Marquette University School of Dentistry  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2007.71.8.tb04369.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","article-title":"A new era of dental care: harnessing artificial intelligence for better diagnosis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Batra A.M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"737","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Bromley J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20140204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0826-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-017-0017-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-5845-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00376-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-014-0822-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.639814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05441-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082143"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Academic integrity in dental school: a call to action","volume":"76","author":"Markman S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Dentists"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-017-0062-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01228-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2003.67.10.tb03705.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villena F. V\u00e9liz C. Garc\u00eda\u2010Huidobro R.&Aguayo S.(2024)Generative artificial intelligence in dentistry: Current approaches and future challenges.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dentre.2025.100160"}],"container-title":["International Endodontic Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iej.14273","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/iej.14273","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iej.14273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:24:22Z","timestamp":1778909062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/iej.14273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/iej.14273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.14273","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-2885","1365-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-2885","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}