{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:58:19Z","timestamp":1793825899314,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate an e\u2010learning tool utilizing a generative pre\u2010trained transformer (GPT), a form of artificial intelligence (AI), to allow for realistic conversation on virtual patients when undergoing training on how to diagnose diseases of endodontic origin, and to evaluate improvements in self\u2010perceived skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A web app consisting of three components [website for user access, database server with patient case information, GPT\u20104\u2010turbo model (OpenAI)] was designed to serve as the e\u2010learning platform. Undergraduate students from 4th and 5th year at the dental school of the University of M\u00fcnster, Germany, were asked to solve eight cases of virtual patients presenting with pain from endodontic or periodontal origin. Before, a questionnaire applying a 5\u2010point Likert scale served to evaluate the current self\u2010perceived state regarding the education, experience and skills in endodontic diagnostics and emergency treatment. After a 3\u2010month timeframe of working with the programme individually, the students were asked to answer a second questionnaire which focused on their experience and self\u2010perceived skills improvement after using the training software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety\u2010two students participated in the first questionnaire and 72 students finished the second questionnaire, resulting in a drop\u2010out rate of 21.7%. Students in the 5th\u2010year reported more experience in dealing with emergency patients. Initially, both cohorts mainly did not feel confident to perform endodontic diagnostics independently. The evaluation of confidence to perform endodontic diagnostics independently, both by 4th\u2010 and 5th\u2010year students, seemed improved after the training on the e\u2010learning tool. The tool was recommended to be available for endodontic education by 72.2% of the students, who strongly agreed to such a statement. 76.4% of the participants strongly agreed to recommend the use of the tool to other students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI\u2010based interactive e\u2010learning programmes allowing for complex conversational patient encounters present a possibility to improve diagnostic and interactive skills of undergraduate students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T07:45:42Z","timestamp":1753170342000},"page":"1145-1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Endodontic diagnostics training in undergraduate dental education: An observational pilot study on AI\u2010driven virtual patient e\u2010learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Marian","family":"Prinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"B\u00fcrklein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Donnermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2178535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8123248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borg A. Parodis I.&Skantze G.(2024)Creating virtual patients using robots and large language models: a preliminary study with medical students. Companion of the 2024 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2010Robot Interaction. 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G\u00f3mez\u2010Morantes J.E. Parra C. Carrillo\u2010Ramos A. Camacho A.I.&Moreno G.C.(2019)Development of diagnostic skills in dentistry students using gamified virtual patients. 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