{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T04:59:18Z","timestamp":1792904358660,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim was to characterize the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiome involved in primary endodontic infections and to evaluate their association with the periapical lesion size using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Samples from primary root canal infections diagnosed with apical periodontitis were analysed with shotgun sequencing. Samples were classified according to the lesion size as small (&lt;\u20093\u2009mm) or large (&gt;\u20097\u2009mm). The bacterial DNA copies in each group were quantified by qPCR. Taxonomic and functional annotations were made using Bracken\/Kraken2 and HUMAnN3 software. Species richness, Shannon, Simpson and Pielou indices were used to measure alpha diversity. The similarity of the bacterial communities between study groups was evaluated by Principal Coordinate Analysis based on Bray\u2013Curtis distances. The ALDEx2 package was used to infer the differences between species, and the edgeR package for KEGG pathways. For all statistical analyses,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered as significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 49 samples were analysed, 27 with small lesions and 22 with large lesions. Species richness and Shannon indices showed differences between both groups, whereas no differences were seen according to Simpson and Pielou indices. A different community composition (PERMANOVA,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0019) was observed between the two groups. Three species were significantly enriched in the large lesion samples,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Filifactor alocis<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacterium oral taxon 500 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Olsenella uli<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , while three others were enriched in small lesion samples,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Acinetobacter pittii<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Functionally, benzoate, flavonoid and steroid degradation, the sphingolipid signalling pathway and proteasome function were enriched in samples with large lesions. Monoterpenoid biosynthesis, phospholipase D signalling, the sulphur relay system and staurosporine biosynthesis were enriched in small lesions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teeth with large periapical lesions harbour greater bacterial loads and exhibit a more diverse microbial community than those with small lesions. Differences in species\u2010level taxonomic composition were observed between both groups. Functionally, large lesions are enriched in pathways associated with immune evasion and pro\u2010inflammatory activity, whereas small lesions are characterized by pathways related to apoptosis, metabolic adaptation and anti\u2010inflammatory processes. These findings suggest that lesion severity is also shaped by the functional potential of the microbiome to modulate host inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:37:30Z","timestamp":1780396650000},"page":"2211-2222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between the Root Canal Microbiome and Apical Lesion Size: An Observational Shotgun Metagenomic Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4233-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Carrasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Unit University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2249-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Uroz\u2010Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice  Almer\u00eda Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Soriano\u2010Lerma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA  Granada 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