{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:00:49Z","timestamp":1785304849827,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To develop and evaluate a dental virtual standardized patient (D\u2010VSP) integrating natural\u2010language intent recognition, a high\u2010fidelity haptic simulator, and chairside visuals, to establish its face validity as a training tool for endodontic clinical reasoning and decision\u2010making, and to examine its construct validity as a summative assessment instrument.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n The D\u2010VSP delivered a structured clinical workflow comprising six sections: history\u2010taking, clinical examination, documentation, ancillary testing, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Dental students from the Stomatology College of Chongqing Medical University were classified into four pre\u2010specified groups according to their self\u2010reported clinical experience. All participants completed two virtual standardized patient cases: uncomplicated crown fracture (UCF) and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP). They then filled out two questionnaires assessing perceived usability and fidelity on 5\u2010point Likert scales. Statistical analysis employed one\u2010way analysis of variance or the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons. The significance level was set at\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05, and effect sizes were reported as eta\u2010squared (\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 149 students were recruited (data recovery rate: 96.64%). All groups rated the D\u2010VSP highly for its usability and fidelity. SIP test scores differed significantly among the groups (\n H<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200910.914,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.012,\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.057). In addition, significant differences were found in the clinical examination section (\n H<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20098.219,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.042,\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.037) and the diagnosis section (\n H<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200922.063,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001,\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.136) of the SIP test. For the UCF case, only the clinical examination section showed a significant difference (\n H<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20098.496,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.037,\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.039).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This study established face and construct validity for the D\u2010VSP, supporting its potential as a tool for teaching and assessing clinical reasoning in endodontics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:18:36Z","timestamp":1785302316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary Evaluation of a Dental Virtual Standardized Patient in Endodontic Clinical Reasoning and Decision\u2010Making: Face and Construct 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Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Health Commission Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00618-y","article-title":"A Framework for Fidelity Evaluation of Immersive Virtual Reality Systems","volume":"26","author":"Al\u2010Jundi H. 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J.Winkler.2024. \u201cDesigning a Conversational Virtual Patient for Communication and Anamnesis Training in Medical Education.\u201d InInternational Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik 413\u2013427.Springer Nature Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-08486-6_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2012.76.9.tb05366.x","article-title":"Clinical Reasoning in Dentistry: A Conceptual Framework for Dental Education","volume":"76","author":"Khatami S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.56373\/2023-2-7","article-title":"Uncertainties and Decision Making in Endodontics","volume":"133","author":"Kvist T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Den Norske Tannlegeforenings Tidende"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","volume-title":"Computation of Effect Sizes","author":"Lenhard W.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12751","article-title":"Clinical Decision\u2010Making in Complex Endodontic Cases Between Postgraduate Students Across Dental Specialties at a UK Dental School: A Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Liew J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Measuring Usability With the USE Questionnaire","volume":"8","author":"Lund A. 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