{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:07:36Z","timestamp":1789204056425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020\u20102023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020\u20102023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To compare the geometric and metallurgical features and mechanical performance of two contemporary reciprocating nickel\u2010titanium instruments manufactured with and without additional engineered nanocoating technology.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n Excalibur (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200957) and Excalibur Pro (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200957) size 25\/0.05 instruments were evaluated. Geometric and surface characteristics were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and 3D optical scanning with model superimposition. Elemental composition and phase transformation behaviour were characterized by energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Mechanical performance was evaluated through cyclic fatigue resistance, maximum torque, angle of rotation at fracture, bending and buckling resistance, cutting efficiency and surface microhardness. Data were compared using independent\u2010samples Student's\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010test, Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n test, or a linear mixed\u2010effects model, as appropriate, with significance set at 5%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The instruments showed high geometric correspondence, with only subtle differences in tip configuration and both exhibited a near\u2010equiatomic NiTi composition. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed distinct phase transformation profiles, with Excalibur Pro showing lower transformation temperatures than Excalibur. No significant differences were observed in cyclic fatigue resistance or cutting efficiency (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05). Excalibur exhibited higher maximum torque (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), buckling resistance (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.029) and surface microhardness (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.001). Conversely, Excalibur Pro showed a greater angle of rotation at fracture (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005) and required a higher load to achieve 45\u00b0 deflection (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), indicating lower flexibility.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The reciprocating NiTi instruments with and without an engineered nanocoating exhibited distinct metallurgical and mechanical profiles despite their high geometric similarity and comparable elemental composition. The nanocoated instrument showed lower phase transformation temperatures and a distinct balance of torsional, bending, buckling and microhardness properties, while no statistically significant differences were detected in cyclic fatigue resistance or cutting efficiency between instruments. These findings demonstrate that the nanocoated instrument exhibits a distinct overall mechanical profile, which should be interpreted as reflecting the combined contribution of surface characteristics and thermomechanical features rather than the effect of the nanocoating alone.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:21:43Z","timestamp":1789201303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the Surface: Engineered Nanocoating Reshapes\n NiTi<\/scp>\n Instrument Behaviour\u2014A Laboratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge N. R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Ci\u00eancias Orais e Biom\u00e9dicas (UICOB) Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Baseada Na Evid\u00eancia (CEMDBE) \u2010 Cochrane Portugal Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys\u2010FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013 Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Jo\u00e3o Nogueira Leal","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOTRANS Postgraduate Program, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO) Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0001-7398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6434-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Talarico Leal","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2106-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Albernaz","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz School of Health & Science Almada Portugal"},{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM) Almada Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zlatka","family":"Delcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria"},{"name":"Center of Competence \u2010 PERIMED\u20102 Plovdiv Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria"},{"name":"Center of Competence \u2010 PERIMED\u20102 Plovdiv Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Manuel","family":"Braz Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science CENIMAT\/I3N, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Aur\u00e9lio","family":"Versiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic Materials","author":"ASTM:E92\u201017","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Transformation Temperature of Nickel\u2010Titanium Alloys by Thermal Analysis","author":"ASTM:F2004\u201017","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Tension of Nickel\u2010Titanium Superelastic Materials","author":"ASTM:F2516\u201007","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Flash Endo Power","author":"Bondent","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.09.008","article-title":"Advancing Nitinol: From Heat Treatment to Surface Functionalization for Nickel\u2010Titanium (Niti) Instruments in Endodontics","volume":"22","author":"Chan W. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioactive Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.039","article-title":"Blue Thermomechanical Treatment Optimizes Fatigue Resistance and Flexibility of the Reciproc Files","volume":"43","author":"De\u2010Deus G.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08518-w","article-title":"Evaluation of Static Friction, Surface Roughness and Ion Release of Stainless Steel and Nickel\u2010Titanium Orthodontic Arch Wires Coated With Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Silver Nanoparticles: In\u00a0Vitro Study","volume":"26","author":"Elsonny A. M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_154_21","article-title":"Effect of Zirconium Oxide Nano\u2010Coating on Frictional Resistance of Orthodontic Wires","volume":"11","author":"Golshah A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Orthodontic Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"S24","article-title":"A Review of the Latest Developments in Rotary Niti Technology and Root Canal Preparation","volume":"68","author":"Grande N. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australian Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00152.x","article-title":"Mechanical Preparation of Root Canals: Shaping Goals, Techniques and Means","volume":"10","author":"H\u00fclsmann M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endodontic Topics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"ISO3630\u20103631.2008.\u201cISO3630\u20103631:2008\u2014Dentistry\u2014Root Canal Instruments\u2014Part 1: General Requirements and Test Methods.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Easyshape System. Clear and Effective","author":"KometDental","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.10.029","article-title":"Buckling Resistance of Pathfinding Endodontic Instruments","volume":"38","author":"Lopes H. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093420","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Diamond\u2010Like Carbon Coatings for Biomedical Applications\u2010A Review","volume":"16","author":"Malisz K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2022.05.007","article-title":"What Meaningful Information Are the Instruments Mechanical Testing Giving Us? A Comprehensive Review","volume":"48","author":"Martins J. N. R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.03.016","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of a Novel Nickel\u2010Titanium Root Canal Instrument: Stationary and Dynamic Tests","volume":"46","author":"Peters O. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70089","article-title":"Influence of Dual Heat Treatment on the Metallurgy and Mechanical Behaviour of Diamond\u2010Like Carbon\u2010Coated Niti Rotary Systems: A Multimethod Investigation","volume":"59","author":"Silva E.","year":"2026","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14253","article-title":"Diamond\u2010Like Carbon Coating Enhances Mechanical Performance of Niti Rotary Instruments: A Multimethod Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Silva E.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14257","article-title":"Assessing the Fatigue Resistance of NiTi Instruments: A DSC\u2010Based Approach to Understanding Temperature Effects","volume":"58","author":"Silva E.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2026.vol40.027","article-title":"Niti Instruments in Endodontics: Contemporary Concepts, Principles, and Practical Guidance","volume":"40","author":"Silva E.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brazilian Oral Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2000.00339.x","article-title":"An Overview of Nickel\u2010Titanium Alloys Used in Dentistry","volume":"33","author":"Thompson S. A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00129.x","article-title":"Root Canal Morphology and Its Relationship to Endodontic Procedures","volume":"10","author":"Vertucci F.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endodontic Topics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Excalibur Pro Redefining Performance With Nanocoating Technology","author":"Zarc","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Excalibur the Reciprocating File That Will Conquer the World \u2010 Featuring a State\u2010Of\u2010The\u2010Art Gold Alloy Treatment","author":"Zarc","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12045","article-title":"An Overview of the Mechanical Properties of Nickel\u2010Titanium Endodontic Instruments","volume":"29","author":"Zhou H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endodontic Topics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12924","article-title":"New Thermomechanically Treated Niti Alloys \u2010 a Review","volume":"51","author":"Zupanc J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"}],"container-title":["International Endodontic Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iej.70269","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/iej.70269","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iej.70269","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:21:47Z","timestamp":1789201307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/iej.70269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/iej.70269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.70269","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-2885","1365-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-2885","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"iej.70269"}}