{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:41:07Z","timestamp":1792482067417,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBTRA\/2023\u201024\/N\/BITS\u2010R\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBTRA\/2023\u201024\/N\/BITS\u2010R\/94"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n \n ATP\u2010binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins play pivotal roles in antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence. However, their characterisation across major endodontic pathogens remains limited. This study aimed to characterise ABC transporter proteins\n in silico<\/jats:italic>\n across five endodontic pathogens and to investigate their implications for antimicrobial resistance and virulence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n Reference genome\u2010predicted proteomes of\n \n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n Actinomyces naeslundii<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n Dialister invisus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information\n RefSeq<\/jats:styled-content>\n database.\n ABC<\/jats:styled-content>\n transporter proteins were identified using\n InterProScan<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n HMMER<\/jats:styled-content>\n and assigned to five functional categories based on Pfam domain signatures. Physicochemical parameters were computed and analysed by principal component analysis, the Kruskal\u2010Wallis test and the chi\u2010square test of independence. Domain architecture and phylogenetic analyses were performed using\n MAFFT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n FastTree<\/jats:styled-content>\n and Interactive Tree of Life.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 574 ABC transporter proteins were identified (range: 63\u2013168 per species), with\n \n A. naeslundii<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n exhibiting the highest transporter density (55.3 per Mb). Putative multidrug resistance pumps were dominant (78.7%) and were highest in\n \n F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (87.1%) and\n \n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (82.2%). Functional category distribution differed significantly between species (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200922.043, df\u2009=\u20098,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005). Significant inter\u2010species differences were identified in Grand Average of Hydropathy (GRAVY) score, aromaticity, isoelectric point and instability index (all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). BLASTP confirmed the efrAB efflux operon in\n \n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (EfrA: 99.65%; EfrB: 100.00%) alongside 13 homologue proteins.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The dominance of putative multidrug resistance pumps, including sequence\u2010confirmed efrAB proteins and 13 homologues in\n \n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , provides a plausible molecular framework for intrinsic resistance to intracanal medicaments in persistent endodontic infections.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:17:04Z","timestamp":1792480624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An\n in Silico<\/i>\n Characterisation of\n ATP<\/scp>\n \u2010Binding Cassette Transporter Proteins Across Five Endodontic Pathogens: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankita","family":"Shree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi Jharkhand India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1814-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaurav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative, Endodontics & Aesthetic Dentistry Dental Institute, RIMS Ranchi Jharkhand India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105734","article-title":"The Role of Bacterial ATP\u2010Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters in Pathogenesis and Virulence: Therapeutic and Vaccine Potential","volume":"171","author":"Akhtar A. 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Nov., Isolated From the Human Oral Cavity","volume":"53","author":"Downes J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2300641","article-title":"ATP\u2010Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Structures and Roles in Bacterial Pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"How S. S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. 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A Review","volume":"13","author":"Kumar G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"784","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis\n Traffics Into Endoplasmic Reticulum\u2010Rich Autophagosomes for Successful Survival in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells","volume":"9","author":"Lee K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8009","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903229106","article-title":"An ABC Transport System That Maintains Lipid Asymmetry in the Gram\u2010Negative Outer Membrane","volume":"106","author":"Malinverni J. C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Endo\u2010Periodontal Lesions: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Mar\u00edn\u2010Casta\u00f1eda L. 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