{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:03:58Z","timestamp":1790507038578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,23]],"date-time":"2014-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Experimental Path"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to establish the influence of herpes simplex virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content>) on testis morphology and germ cell development using a model of ascending urogenital <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content> infection in mice. Adult C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6J mice were inoculated with 100 plaque\u2010forming units of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content>1 in <jats:italic>rete testis<\/jats:italic>. Viral proteins and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> were detected from 3\u00a0days postinoculation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>), while capsids and virions could be visualized at 6\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>. Infectious activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content> was revealed by rapid culture method in testes from 3 to 14\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>, and virus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> \u2013 from 3 to 100 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>. Germ and Sertoli cells were infected during the early stages of the infection, whereas interstitial cells only occasionally contained the virus at 21 and 45\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>. Microscopic analysis revealed severe degeneration of the germinal epithelium in the infected testes. By 21\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>, testes became atrophic and most Sertoli cells were destroyed. No testicular regeneration and no spermatozoa in the epididymis were observed at 45 and 100\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>. From 3\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPI<\/jats:styled-content>, inflammatory cells accumulated in the interstitium between damaged tubules; a significant increase in the number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T lymphocytes and F4\/80<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells\u00a0was observed in the infected testes. This study shows that in the case of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content> retrograde ascent into seminiferous tubules, the acute viral infection results in irreversible atrophy of the germinal epithelium, orchitis and infertility. These results may be used to further study viral orchitis and the influence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content> on spermatogenesis and male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T17:56:28Z","timestamp":1393264588000},"page":"120-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Herpes simplex virus inoculation in murine rete testis results in irreversible testicular damage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Malolina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Ministry of Health of Russian Federation Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey Y.","family":"Kulibin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A.","family":"Naumenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Ministry of Health of Russian Federation Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena A.","family":"Gushchina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Ministry of Health of Russian Federation Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa E.","family":"Zavalishina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gertsen Research Institute of Oncology Ministry of Health of Russian Federation Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla A.","family":"Kushch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Ministry of Health of Russian Federation Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.08.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Herpetic infection of spermatozoa in failure of reproductive technologies and spontaneous abortion","volume":"3","author":"Bocharova E.N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urologiia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1605-1612.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.208-231.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"European Association of Urology(2010)Guidelines on Male Infertility. 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