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The clinical course is heterogeneous, manifested by a fulminant or indolent course. Although genetic predisposition is well accepted, the combination with currently undefined environmental factors is crucial for the development of the disease. Progress in the development of reliable animal models provides added understanding of the pathophysiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>, and these will be very useful in evaluating potential therapeutics. It appears that artificially breaking tolerance in the liver is easy. However, maintaining this state of tolerance breakdown, to get chronic hepatitis, is difficult because liver immune homeostasis is strongly regulated by several immune response inhibitory mechanisms. For example, Tregs are crucial regulators in acute and chronic hepatitis, and C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mice are most prone to experimental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>. Immunization of C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mice with liver (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>) autoantigens (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CYP<\/jats:styled-content>2D6\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTCD<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104R) and the disturbance of liver regulatory mechanism(s), leading to experimental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>, are likely to be most representative of human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content> pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T09:52:46Z","timestamp":1407837166000},"page":"309-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hepatitis mouse models: from acute\u2010to\u2010chronic autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby","family":"Laukens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"Heindryckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Van Vlierberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Geerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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