{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:19:42Z","timestamp":1791908382181,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,21]],"date-time":"2014-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretaria de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado (SIP, IPN), SNI (CONACYT), and COFAA (IPN), M\u00e9xico"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Experimental Path"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leprosy is a disease consisting of a spectrum of clinical, bacteriological, histopathological and immunological manifestations. Tuberculoid leprosy is frequently recognized as the benign polar form of the disease, while lepromatous leprosy is regarded as the malignant form. The different forms of leprosy depend on the genetic and immunological characteristics of the patient and on the characteristics of the leprosy bacillus. The malignant manifestations of lepromatous leprosy result from the mycobacterial\u2010specific anergy that develops in this form of the disease. Using murine leprosy as a model of anergy in this study, we first induced the development of anergy to<jats:italic>Mycobacterium lepraemurium<\/jats:italic>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>) in mice and then attempted to reverse it by the administration of dialysable leucocyte extracts (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>) prepared from healthy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLT<\/jats:styled-content>),<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010inoculated and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010inoculated mice. Mice inoculated with either<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content>developed a robust cell\u2010mediated immune response (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMI<\/jats:styled-content>) that was temporary in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010inoculated group and long\u2010lasting in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010inoculated group.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>were prepared from the spleens of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010inoculated mice at the peak of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMI<\/jats:styled-content>. Independent<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>intradermally\u2010inoculated groups were treated every other day with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>, and the effect was documented for 98\u00a0days.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>administered at a dose of 1.0\u00a0U (1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>splenocytes) did not affect the evolution of leprosy, while<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>given at a dose of 0.1\u00a0U showed beneficial effects regardless of the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>source. The dose but not the specificity of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>was the determining factor for reversing anergy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T05:09:45Z","timestamp":1419224985000},"page":"31-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Induction and treatment of anergy in murine leprosy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Juarez\u2010Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor G.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Arce\u2010Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique B.","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Psicoinmunolog\u00eda Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda \u2018RFM\u2019 M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Aguilar\u2010Santelises","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Rojas\u2010Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Indications, usage and dosage of the transfer factor","volume":"54","author":"Berr\u00f3n P.R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Alerg. Mex."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1001-907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197211232872101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.18.1.157-164.1977","article-title":"Impairment of cell\u2010mediated immune responses by infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium","volume":"18","author":"Bullock W.E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"Experimental murine leprosy. 2. Further evidence for varying susceptibility of out bred mice and evaluation of the response of 5 inbred mouse strains to infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium","volume":"82","author":"Closs O.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.24.2.492-500.1979","article-title":"Mitsuda\u2010type lepromin reaction as a measure of host resistance in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection","volume":"24","author":"Curtis J.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"A placebo controlled clinical trial of transfer factor in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"35","author":"Faber W.R.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"821","article-title":"Characterization of the cellular immune defect in lepromatous leprosy: a specific lack of circulating Mycobacterium leprae\u2010reactive lymphocytes","volume":"9","author":"Godal T.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPP72FJZZRRVMM"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00762-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.995","article-title":"Reversal reactions in lepromatous leprosy following transfer factor therapy","volume":"27","author":"Hastings R.C.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02628649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.47878\/hi.1980.v5.35615","article-title":"Cell mediated immunity in patients with Virchowian hanseniasis before and after treatment with transfer factor","volume":"5","author":"Leser P.G.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hansenol. Int."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2001.0151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"479","article-title":"Genetics of susceptibility to infectious diseases: tuberculosis and leprosy as examples","volume":"29","author":"Marquet S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"703","article-title":"T cell proliferation in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection II. Characterization of cells that transfer resistance in subcutaneously infected mice","volume":"51","author":"Mathew R.C.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0387-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2012.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00025-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five\u2010group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley D.S.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.20.1.1271","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in domestic and wild animals","volume":"20","author":"Rojas Espinosa O.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Anergia en lepra D\u00f3nde est\u00e1 el defecto?","volume":"26","author":"Rojas\u2010Espinosa O.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fontilles Rev. Leprol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"Rojas\u2010EspinosaO.(2009)Murine leprosy revisited. In current topics on the profiles of host immunological response to mycobacterial infections. Research Signpost Kerala India 2009 97\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"Transitory macrophage activation in the granulomatous lesions of Mycobacterium lepraemurium\u2010induced lepromatoid leprosy in the mouse","volume":"56","author":"Rojas\u2010Espinosa O.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Contrary to BCG, MLM fails to induce the production of TNF alpha and NO by macrophages","volume":"70","author":"Rojas\u2010Espinosa O.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.3.279-288.1975","article-title":"Passive transfer of immunity into leprosy patients by transfusion of lymphocytes and by transfusion of Lawrence's transfer factor","volume":"1","author":"Saha K.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2013059020053","article-title":"Transfer factor: an overlooked potential for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases","volume":"59","author":"Viza D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Biol. (Praha)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00524.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Global leprosy: update on the 2012 situation","volume":"88","author":"WHO","year":"2013","journal-title":"WER"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"819","article-title":"Effects of dialyzable leukocyte extracts with transfer factor activity on leukocyte migration in vitro. II. Separation and partial characterization of the components in DLE producing antigen\u2010dependent and antigen\u2010independent effects","volume":"93","author":"Wilson G.B.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Experimental Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fiep.12108","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fiep.12108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iep.12108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T17:43:21Z","timestamp":1747244601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/iep.12108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/iep.12108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iep.12108","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-9673","1365-2613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-9673","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}