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The birds in groups 1 and 2 received no dietary vitamin A supplementation, whereas groups 3 and 4 received 300\u00a0iu and 600\u00a0iu of vitamin A per kilogram of commercial feed, respectively, from 1\u00a0week of age till the end of the experiment. At 6\u00a0weeks of age, the birds in groups 2, 3 and 4 were inoculated intraocularly with a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VND<\/jats:styled-content> virus (duck\/Nigeria\/Plateau\/Kuru\/113\/1991). The birds in Group 1 were given phosphate\u2010buffered saline intraocularly. Clinical signs appeared in Group 2 birds on day 3 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content> and in groups 3 and 4 on day 5 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>. The clinical signs included a drop in feed and water consumption, depression, diarrhoea, torticollis and paralysis in all the infected groups. The average body weights of all groups were significantly different from one another on day 14 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content> with Group 2 birds having the lowest body weight. Mortalities were highest in Group 2 birds (0%, 93.18%, 72.73% and 56.82% in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively). The antibody response in all the groups was significantly different from one another on days 14 and 21 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>. Group 2 birds had the lowest titres on those 2\u00a0days and showed more severe atrophy of the bursa, spleen, thymus and fibrin deposition in the spleen and thymus than the birds in groups 3 and 4. The above observations show that vitamin A dietary supplementation delayed the onset of clinical signs and significantly reduced body weight loss, atrophy of the bursa, spleen and thymus, and mortalities by 36%. It also significantly potentiated haemagglutination inhibition antibody response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T03:45:52Z","timestamp":1446090352000},"page":"326-331","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vitamin A dietary supplementation reduces the mortality of velogenic Newcastle disease significantly in cockerels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Godwin Chinedu","family":"Okpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfred Sunday","family":"Ezema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shodeinde Vincent Olumuyiwa","family":"Shoyinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Osita Arinze","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713655022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"Alexander D.J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20030011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"192","volume-title":"A Laboratory Manual for Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens","author":"Beard C.W.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(88)90024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Poultry Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Chauhan H.V.S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459308418928"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9210-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Antigen\u2010specific Immune Response Impairment in the Chick as Influenced by Dietary Vitamin A","author":"Friedman A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/121.3.395","article-title":"Decreased resistance and immune response to Escherichia coli infection in chicks with low or high intake of vitamin A","volume":"121","author":"Friedman A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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