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In addition to the lack of dystrophin, secondary events including changes in calcium levels, inflammation and fibrosis greatly contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMD<\/jats:styled-content> progression and the molecules involved in these events may represent potential biomarkers. In this study, we performed a comparative evaluation of the progression of dystrophy within muscles that are differently affected by dystrophy (diaphragm; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIA<\/jats:styled-content> and quadriceps; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QDR<\/jats:styled-content>) or spared (intrinsic laryngeal muscles) using the <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice model of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMD<\/jats:styled-content>. We assessed muscle levels of calsequestrin (calcium\u2010related protein), tumour necrosis factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1; pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine), tumour growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2; pro\u2010fibrotic factor) and MyoD (muscle proliferation) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. histopathology at early (1 and 4\u00a0months of age) and late (9\u00a0months of age) stages of dystrophy. Fibrosis was the primary feature in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIA<\/jats:styled-content> of <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice (9\u00a0months: 32% fibrosis), which was greater than in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QDR<\/jats:styled-content> (9\u00a0months: 0.6% fibrosis). Muscle regeneration was the primary feature in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QDR<\/jats:styled-content> (9\u00a0months: 90% of centrally nucleated fibres areas <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 33% in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIA<\/jats:styled-content>). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QDR<\/jats:styled-content> expressed higher levels of calsequestrin than the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIA<\/jats:styled-content>. Laryngeal muscles showed normal levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2 and MyoD. A positive correlation between histopathology and cytokine levels was observed only in the diaphragm, suggesting that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2 serve as markers of dystrophy primarily for the diaphragm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T12:02:50Z","timestamp":1446206570000},"page":"285-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Changes in calsequestrin, <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1, <scp>TGF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b2 and MyoD levels during the progression of skeletal muscle dystrophy in <i>mdx<\/i> mice: a comparative analysis of the quadriceps, diaphragm and intrinsic laryngeal muscles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Barros Maranh\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) Recife Pernambuco Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drielen","family":"de Oliveira Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Fogagnolo","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samara Cama\u00e7ari","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatomia Instituto de Biociencias de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliano Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Santo Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria 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