{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T23:25:24Z","timestamp":1780788324044,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Department of Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the use of skin lighteners and its social correlates in university students from 26 low, middle income, and emerging economy countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected from 19,624 undergraduate university students (mean age 20.8, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> 2.8) from 27 universities in 26 countries across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between sociodemographic, social, health risk, mental health and abuse, and the use of skin lighteners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the prevalence of previous 12\u2010month skin lightener use was 24.5, and 16.7% in male and 30.0% in female students. The use of skin lighteners varied by country, ranging from 0% in Turkey to 83.8% in Thailand. In multivariate logistic regression analysis among both men and women, social variables (highly\u2010organized religious activity and lack of personal mastery) and health variables (inconsistent condom use) were associated with skin lightening use. In addition, male students from a lower income country, having a lack of social support, and a history of childhood sexual abuse were more likely to use skin lighteners, and women aged 20\u201321 years old, residing on the university campus, being a student of health and welfare, and having a lack of personal control, inadequate physical activity, and depressive symptoms were more likely users of skin\u2010lightening products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A high prevalence of skin lightener use was found in this large sample of university students, and social and health\u2010related risk factors were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:13:01Z","timestamp":1444954381000},"page":"165-172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["The globalization of whitening: prevalence of skin lighteners (or bleachers) use and its social correlates among university students in 26 countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"Peltzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASEAN Institute for Health Development Mahidol University Phutthamonthon Nakhonpathom Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Limpopo Sovenga South Africa"},{"name":"HIV, AIDS, TB, and STIs (HAST) Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supa","family":"Pengpid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASEAN Institute for Health Development Mahidol University Phutthamonthon Nakhonpathom Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Research Development &amp; Innovation University of Limpopo Sovenga South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caryl","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work The University of the West Indies Mona Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Buying racial capital: skin\u2010bleaching and cosmetic surgery in a globalized world","volume":"4","author":"Hunter LM","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pan Afr Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243208316089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Shona proverbial implications on skin bleaching: some philosophical insights","volume":"4","author":"Gwaravanda TE","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pan Afr Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"The derogatory representations of the skin bleaching products sold in Harlem","volume":"4","author":"Charles CAD","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pan Afr Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of the use of cosmetic skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Adebajo SB","year":"2002","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"15e7","article-title":"Aesthetic problems associated with the cosmetic use of bleaching products","volume":"46","author":"Ly F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"154e7","article-title":"Prevalence of the use of skin bleaching cosmetics in two areas in Dakar (Senegal)","volume":"45","author":"Wone I","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dakar Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04463.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"AskariSH SajidA FaranZ et al.Skin\u2010lightening practice among women living in Lahore: Prevalence determinants and user's awareness. 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