{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:52:13Z","timestamp":1788306733262,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brady Pharma, Inc., Manila, Philippines"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glutathione (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content>) is a naturally occurring thiol that has been reported to cause skin lightening in a manner for which several mechanisms have been proposed. Highest plasma concentrations are achieved with IV administration but are accompanied by greater levels of risk. Oral administration has been less successful in elevating plasma <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content> levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of a lozenge containing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content> was investigated in order to evaluate the buccal mucosa as a route for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content> administration. Substances that are absorbed through the buccal route go directly into the systemic circulation, effectively bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty Filipino females with Fitzpatrick skin types <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> or V received a glutathione\u2010containing lozenge daily for eight\u00a0weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings showed a significant decrease in melanin indices from baseline to endpoint that became evident in as little as two\u00a0weeks. There were no serious adverse events, and laboratory examination findings remained normal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors conclude that the lozenge containing glutathione was safe and effective in lightening the skin of Filipino women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,4]],"date-time":"2015-07-04T06:08:36Z","timestamp":1435990116000},"page":"153-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["An open\u2010label, single\u2010arm trial of the safety and efficacy of a novel preparation of glutathione as a skin\u2010lightening agent in <scp>F<\/scp>ilipino women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Evangeline B.","family":"Handog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Asian Hospital and Medical Center Muntinlupa Metro Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Suzanne L.","family":"Datuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology St Luke's Medical Center Bonifacio Global City Metro Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan A.","family":"Singzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology St Luke's Medical Center Bonifacio Global City Metro Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"610","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of glutathione","volume":"112","author":"Exner R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"G607","article-title":"Transepithelial transport of glutathione in vascularly perfused small intestine of rat","volume":"252","author":"Hagen TM","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"G524","article-title":"Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: effect on plasma concentration","volume":"259","author":"Hagen TM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2005.00235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09546631003801619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10094066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365591"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12530631"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00616.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1969.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12371709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12277369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2005.20.5.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589409514302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(85)90287-1"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fijd.12999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.12999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T23:49:42Z","timestamp":1696290582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijd.12999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijd.12999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.12999","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}