{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1787821235467,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]],"date-time":"2015-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem in Yemen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was designed to identify clinical and epidemiological features of leishmaniasis in Yemen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted at the Regional Leishmaniasis Control Center in central Yemen. Data sourced from the medical records of 152 patients with confirmed active leishmaniasis, managed during April\u2013August 2013, were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 94.1% of patients were rural residents. Al Bayda was the most endemic governorate (59.9%). Children represented the group at highest risk (57.2%), followed by adult females (32.9%); together these groups accounted for 90.1% of all patients. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis was the most prevalent form (49.3%), followed by cutaneous leishmaniasis (47.4%), and visceral leishmaniasis (3.3%). The wet ulcer was the most common type of lesion (49.7%) and the single lesion (69.4%) represented the most common presentation. All patients were ignorant of the nature of the disease, and 55.9% had a history of using \u201cpopular\u201d treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases have significant endemicity in Yemen, especially in central areas. Al Bayda is the governorate with the highest endemicity, and rural children and women represent the populations at highest risk. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis seems to be the most prevalent form and a single wet ulcer is the most common presentation. Infected refugees may represent new foci for imported <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species. Ecology, geography, climate change, cultural gender\u2010 and age\u2010specific duties, urban night activities, and use of popular treatments are among proven risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,8]],"date-time":"2015-11-08T18:54:19Z","timestamp":1447008859000},"page":"849-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Leishmaniasis in Yemen: a clinicoepidemiological study of leishmaniasis in central Yemen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Al\u2010Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Leishmaniasis Control Center Sana'a Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control","volume":"45","author":"Sharma U","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"693","volume-title":"Textbook of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases","author":"Amerio P","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.27.2.1803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"AliA.Development of affordable molecular techniques for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in Yemen. Biochemisches Institut der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der Justus\u2010Liebig\u2010Universit\u00e4t Giessen.http:\/\/geb.uni-giessen.de\/geb\/volltexte\/2011\/8060\/pdf\/AliAbdullatif_2011_03_22.pdf. [Accessed December 10 2013.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Presenza di leishmaniosi muco\u2010cutanee sugli altipiani dell'arabia sudoccidentale","volume":"14","author":"Sarnelli T","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch Ital Sci Med Col"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis with unusual presentation","volume":"65","author":"Khatri ML","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Global health situation. IV. Selected infections and parasitic diseases due to identified organisms","volume":"68","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Notes on the occurrence of Leishman\u2010donovan parasite in Arabia and Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Philips L","year":"1904","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Yemen.Annual Report 1988.Sana'a:MoH 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Leishmania: Taxonomie\u2013Phylogenese Applications, Eco\u2010Epid\u00e9miologiques","author":"Rioux JA","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"The Geology of Yemen: An Annotated Bibliography of Yemen's Geology, Geography, and Earth Science","author":"Hadden RL","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.20449"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"2002 PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa\/Ressources v\u00e9g\u00e9tales de l'Afrique tropicale) Wageningen Netherlands H.A.M. Van der Vossen LPA Oyen RHMJ Lemmens Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.04.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90285-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-7946-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"Working Children in the Republic of Yemen. The Results of the 2010 National Child Labour Survey","author":"International Labour Organization (ILO), International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Yemeni children","volume":"26","author":"Hamid GA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk J Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Prevalance of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lower Dir District (NWFP) Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Ullah S","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pakistan Assoc Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"436","volume-title":"The Treatment and Control of Infectious Diseases in Man","author":"Imperato PJ","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Cecil's Textbook of Medicine","author":"Bryceson ADM","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"1856","volume-title":"Textbook of Dermatology","author":"Bryceson ADM","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Clinico\u2010epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al\u2010Yarmouk Teaching Hospital","volume":"3","author":"Al\u2010Mafraji KH","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iraqi J Comm Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","unstructured":"US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants.World Refugee Survey 2008. US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 2008.http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/publisher USCRI IRN 485f50d9ad 0.html. [Accessed December 13 2013.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"Anon. Poor and desperate.Syrian refugees beg on Yemen's streets. Reuters September 26 2013.http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2013\/09\/26\/us-syria-crisis-yemen-idUSBRE98P0FC20130926. [Accessed December 13 2013.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","volume-title":"Yemen: Coverage with Primary Health Indicator","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","volume-title":"Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile (Yemen): Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change","author":"Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fijd.13041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.13041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:31:17Z","timestamp":1695573077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijd.13041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijd.13041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.13041","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}