{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:47:48Z","timestamp":1789663668320,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nail changes are a common feature of alopecia areata (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and are a significant source of cosmetic disfigurement and functional impairment. This review provides an update of the prevalence, clinical and histopathological features, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, clinical course, prognosis, and management of nail changes in patients with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Searches for peer\u2010reviewed journal articles were conducted using the PubMed\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    database with the search terms \u201cnail changes alopecia areata,\u201d \u201calopecia areata nails,\u201d and specific searches on \u201ctrachyonychia alopecia areata\u201d and \u201cpitting alopecia areata.\u201d Other sources of articles included the reference lists of retrieved articles. Nail changes are a common feature of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , with an average prevalence of 30%, and can cause significant disfigurement and loss of function. Pitting and trachyonychia were by far the most common manifestations of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , with an average prevalence of 20 and 8%, respectively. Red spotted lunulae, onycholysis, and punctate leukonychia were other reported findings. Other etiologies, such as onychomycosis or lichen planus, may coexist with or confound the diagnosis. There is limited published data on the clinical manifestations of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010associated nail changes and therapeutic options. Larger controlled trials are necessary to guide treatment decisions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T09:06:35Z","timestamp":1515575195000},"page":"776-783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Nail changes in alopecia areata: an update and review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Khatiya","family":"Chelidze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shari R.","family":"Lipner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1103442"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1998.tb00727.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590210048007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01357.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00477079"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70194-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1994.tb00562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Nail changes in alopecia areata: incidence and pattern","volume":"69","author":"Gandhi V","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.8.998"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Gender differences in alopecia areata","volume":"13","author":"Lundin M","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.82411"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1996.119854.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1996.tb00703.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(80)80360-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555572203205","article-title":"Red lunulae in severe alopecia areata","volume":"72","author":"Bergner T","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Dermato\u2010Venereologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.122966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660110100025","article-title":"Leukonychia punctata and pitted nails in alopecia areata","volume":"121","author":"Dotz WI","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1995.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90433-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1993.tb02198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.86470"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.75.8.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Trachyonychia associated with alopecia areata and secondary onychomycosis","volume":"6","author":"Anggowarsito JL","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomedik"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640290083019","article-title":"Twenty\u2010nail dystrophy of alopecia areata","volume":"116","author":"Horn RT","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11592120-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23927.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D level with alopecia areata","volume":"16","author":"Nassiri S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0390.1000105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.190504"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","first-page":"S85","article-title":"Nail changes in alopecia areata: light and electron microscopy","volume":"280","author":"Laporte M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0404a02"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2006.00264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000246337"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70032-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.10.873"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12427"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb02956.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"A pilot study on the role of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of pitted nails in children","volume":"41","author":"Khoo B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00882.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000450848"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.3772"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3574-0"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fijd.13866","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.13866","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T10:04:02Z","timestamp":1695463442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijd.13866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijd.13866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.13866","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-08-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-11-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-01-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}