{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T18:18:47Z","timestamp":1773166727221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> reflectance confocal microscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCM<\/jats:styled-content>) is an imaging technique that can virtually biopsy vital tissues, noninvasively and in real time. It results in horizontal virtual slices at a microscopic resolution that correlates well with conventional histopathology. Despite the widespread use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCM<\/jats:styled-content> in dermatology, it is still rarely applied to the study of oral pathologies. The aim of the present work is to describe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCM<\/jats:styled-content> cellular and architectural findings in oral mucosae affected by oral lichen planus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLP<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A series of conventionally diagnosed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLP<\/jats:styled-content> lesions underwent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCM<\/jats:styled-content> imaging with a portable reflectance confocal microscope that could scan from the surface to the submucosa. The confocal findings were collected, described, and compared with the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 31 oral sites affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLP<\/jats:styled-content> in 12 patients were considered. According to their clinical appearance, 22 lesions showed a reticular\u2010plaque pattern, six lesions were mainly atrophic\u2010erosive, and the remaining three presented a mixed pattern. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCM<\/jats:styled-content> examination showed hypergranulosis, epithelial disarray, spongiosis, necrotic keratinocytes, epithelial and subepithelial inflammatory cell infiltration, and dilated vessels; all findings were in lichen planus, with differences noted between the \u201cwhite\u201d and \u201cred\u201d manifestations of this pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCM<\/jats:styled-content> in routine clinical oral pathology tests is recommended to avoid recurrence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLP<\/jats:styled-content> and changes in its responsiveness to therapy, thus limiting the need for biopsy of lesions suspected of tumoral 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