{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T22:26:50Z","timestamp":1786660010853,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Though melasma is a common skin condition in India, epidemiological studies are few and geographically confined. The present study was designed to gain insights into factors involved in causation and aggravation of melasma, demographic distribution, clinical presentations, and treatment patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional multicentric study was conducted in 10 centers distributed across the four regions of India. Data including demographics, personal and family medical history, triggering and aggravating factors, clinical patterns, and details of past treatment regimens were recorded, and severity was estimated using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score. Data collected by site dermatologists were collated and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study evaluated 1,001 patients with melasma from 10 centers. Mean age was 38.02\u00a0years. Females dominated (85%). Proportion of males was highest in the\u00a0east (22.2%) and lowest in the\u00a0south (10.8%). Majority of patients belonged to intermediate skin phototypes. There was a significant difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.000) between duration of sun exposure and duration of cooking fire\/occupational heat exposure across the four regions. There was a significant association (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.003, Mann\u2010Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test) and a positive correlation between duration of cooking heat\/occupational heat exposure and severity of melasma. Sunscreens were used by only one\u2010fifth of the study population (19.6%) whereas use of steroids and triple combinations was more common (28%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the largest studies on melasma from the subcontinent, this study describes the epidemiological determinants of melasma. Data suggests that the duration of cooking fire\/occupational heat exposure may be linked to severity of melasma. Sunscreen\u00a0use seems inadequate in Indian patients; use of steroid\u2010containing medications is more common.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T05:57:36Z","timestamp":1560319056000},"page":"1305-1310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Clinical and epidemiologic features of melasma: a multicentric cross\u2010sectional study from India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Jagadeesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasikumar","family":"Basavapura Madegowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences Mandya Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonali","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Maulana Azad Medical College and Hospital New Delhi Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iffat","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Sexually Transmitted Diseases &amp; 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