{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:19:09Z","timestamp":1788956349579,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Onchocerciasis is a leading cause of blindness in the world. It may be seen in temperate climates of the United States and Europe in immigrants and travelers from endemic regions, often linked to poverty and war. One should be aware of an incubation period that can be up to 15\u00a0months. In its early stage and throughout its course, onchocerciasis has noteworthy skin findings, facilitating diagnosis, as onchodermatitis resembles common eczema with variable degrees of papular, lichenoid, atrophic, and pigmentary alterations, features not suggestive if one is unaware of an individual's immigration and travel history. The same concept applies for the encysted worms (onchocercomas), as they tend to appear as common skin cysts and benign neoplasms. New methods can be employed to increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Ivermectin is the gold standard of therapy, the use of which has almost miraculously eliminated this disease from large areas of the earth. However, its effect remains isolated to microfilariae and can be devastating in those coinfected with\n                    <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Recently, the symbiotic relationship between adult worms and Wolbachia bacteria has been discovered and, with it, the possibility of adding doxycycline as a treatment option. We also discuss coinfection with HIV and other diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T08:36:13Z","timestamp":1568277373000},"page":"1065-1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Onchocerciasis (river blindness): larva\u2010induced eczema (onchodermatitis) from an important oculocutaneous tropical disease spilling over into North America and Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor &amp; Head, Dermatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasin","family":"Al\u2010Qubati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiz University School of Medicine Taiz Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zieleniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwig Rydygier Medical College Bydgoszcz Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor &amp; Head, Dermatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Kapila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor &amp; Head, Dermatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1987.tb02313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800399095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6308762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02253.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90109-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Onchodermatitis (sowda) in patients in Y\u00e9men. Clinical and histologic course after treatment with ivermectin","volume":"7","author":"al Qubati Y","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sante"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Human onchocerciasis and \"sowda\" in the Republic of Yemen","volume":"185","author":"Richard\u2010Lenoble D","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2821-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0446-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90157-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989859618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb11844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(57)90025-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Studies on Onchocerciasis and on its Vector in the Yemen Arab Republic","author":"Buttner DM","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Anthropophily of Simulium damnosum s.l. and its r\u00f4le as a vector of human onchocerciasis in the Yemen Arab Republic","volume":"33","author":"Garms R","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.05.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and human immunodeficiency virus in western Uganda: prevalences and treatment with ivermectin","volume":"53","author":"Fischer P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11094-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005816"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30233-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32844-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0452-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0523-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0497-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.1012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13241"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fijd.14614","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.14614","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ijd.14614","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.14614","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T13:21:27Z","timestamp":1693920087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijd.14614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijd.14614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.14614","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}