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In this literature review, we introduce the role of oxidative stress in melasma and discuss the function of various topical and oral antioxidant therapies for patients suffering from melasma. Numerous studies have shown efficacy of various antioxidant therapies for treatment of hyperpigmentation, and in this review, we focus primarily on those with less widespread use. Vitamin E, niacinamide, polypodium leucotomos, pycnogenol, grape seed extract, amino fruit acids, phytic acid, zinc, silymarin, Korean red ginseng powder, plant extracts, and parsley all have well\u2010demonstrated evidence of antioxidant properties, and these substances have been studied in the context of skin hyperpigmentation. Although there is conflicting evidence of their therapeutic efficacy, the use of these naturally occurring substances is promising for patients and medical providers seeking alternative therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T12:35:15Z","timestamp":1598618115000},"page":"166-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Treatment of melasma: a review of less commonly used antioxidants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Kayla M.","family":"Babbush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine\/Montefiore Medical Center Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remy A.","family":"Babbush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amor","family":"Khachemoune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology State University of New York Downstate Brooklyn NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Veterans Health Administration Brooklyn NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12686"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2008.00384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00075-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13059"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05419.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0194-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000154419.18653.2e"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-0963.2001.04556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12784"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.06.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01897-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000215Y.0000000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14059126"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20175697"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80077-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2018.1517124"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1682-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118832431"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2013.834496"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13695"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.5079"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of combination treatment with vitamins E and C on chloasma and pigmented contact dermatitis. 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