{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:04:05Z","timestamp":1790633045461,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cutaneous fungal infections are very common, especially in poorer communities and with intercurrent HIV infection. Determining the fungal pathogen in skin\u2010related fungal neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) determines optimal therapy. We undertook a country survey across many African countries to determine the diagnostic capacity for skin fungal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A detailed questionnaire was delivered to country contacts to collect data on availability, frequency, and location of testing for key diagnostic procedures and followed up with 2 rounds of validation by video call and by confirmation of individual country data confirmation by email.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 47 countries with data, seven (15%) and 21 (45%) do not offer skin biopsy in the public or private sector, respectively, but 22 (46%) countries do it regularly, mostly in university hospitals. Direct microscopy is often performed in 20 of 48 (42%) countries in the public sector and not done in 10 (21%). Fungal cultures are often performed in 21 of 48 (44%) countries in the public sector but not done in nine (20%) or 21 (44%) in either public or private facilities. Histopathological examination of tissue is frequently used in 19 of 48 (40%) countries but not in nine (20%) countries in the public sector. The cost of diagnostics to patients was a major limiting factor in usage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major improvements in the availability and use of diagnostic tests for skin, hair, and nail fungal disease are urgently needed across Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T04:02:54Z","timestamp":1687320174000},"page":"1131-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diagnostic capacity for cutaneous fungal diseases in the African continent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida S.","family":"Badiane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5714-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lala S.","family":"Ramarozatovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USFR Dermatologie\u2010Rhumatologie, de ahead of Dermatologie, H\u00f4pital Universitaire JRB Antananarivo  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safiatou N.","family":"Doumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology in Parasitic Diseases University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako  Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameyo M.","family":"Dorkenoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Biologiques et Fondamentales, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 de Lom\u00e9  Lom\u00e9 Togo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9329-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Mandengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit Universit\u00e9 des Montagnes  Bangangt\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara M.","family":"Dunaisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology  Windhoek Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine at the University of Nouakchott and Ministry of Health  Nouakchott Mauritania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem K.","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine at the University of Nouakchott and Ministry of Health  Nouakchott Mauritania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles S. L.","family":"Ngaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Pasteur  Bangui Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassane H.","family":"Mahamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L'Association des V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Africains (R\u00e9g. Afrique Centrale)  N'Djamena Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hortense","family":"Kalombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction des Laboratoires de Sant\u00e9 Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique, Hygi\u00e8ne et Pr\u00e9vention  Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4489-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alasana","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  Banjul The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimania","family":"C\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guinea Bissau National Health Center (CENAS)  Bissau Guinea Bissau"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose C.","family":"Langa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Eduardo Mondlane University  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayni M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Reference Laboratory Ministry of Health  Mogadishu Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Mokomane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Botswana  Gaborone Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahafahantsoa","family":"Rapalanoro Rabenja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USFR Dermatologie\u2010Rhumatologie, de ahead of Dermatologie, H\u00f4pital Universitaire JRB Antananarivo  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick J.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard O. 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