{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:31:16Z","timestamp":1782844276959,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["53919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recalcitrant dermatophytosis is an emerging phenomenon that occurs worldwide, and <jats:italic>Trichophyton indotineae<\/jats:italic> is currently the prominent cause.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin specimens from patients with tinea infection were obtained by scrubbing and then sectioned into three fragments. Two fragments were subjected to direct microscopic examination and culture, while the third portion was utilized in the PCR method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Isolates were morphologically identified as <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes\/interdigitale<\/jats:italic> complex (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200960 [83.33%]), <jats:italic>Microsporum canis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098 [11.11%]), <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093 [4.16%]), and <jats:italic>Epidermophyton floccosum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091 [1.38%]). Among 60 <jats:italic>T. mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic> complex isolates, 53 (88.33%) were classified as <jats:italic>T. indotineae<\/jats:italic> and seven as <jats:italic>T. interdigitale<\/jats:italic> genotype II. The disease duration was longer in the <jats:italic>T. indotineae<\/jats:italic> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035). Both Gradient PCR and skin\u2010sampling methods yield similar results in terms of positive and negative cases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.0000). The time patients stopped their medication did not impact the positive case numbers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.803). Gender had no effects on the frequency (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.699). Familial contamination, dermatologic disorder, and other underlying conditions did not differ in the two group infections (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Steroid usage is strongly associated with the emergence of tinea infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.04). The duration of antifungal administration had a substantial effect on the emergence of resistant organisms (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Steroid usage, <jats:italic>T. indotineae<\/jats:italic> involvement, and prolonged exposure to antifungals were the solid and influential factors in recalcitrant involvement. Regarding quick and suitable diagnosis and treatment, which is essential in preventing recalcitrant cases, we suggest that direct skin sample PCR can meet the demands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T11:28:36Z","timestamp":1715081316000},"page":"1398-1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recalcitrant dermatophyte infections: identification and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pegah","family":"Tamimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran 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