{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:27:28Z","timestamp":1789064848212,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81974478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Keloids, characterized by an aberrant wound\u2010healing process and a highly complex immune microenvironment, pose significant challenges for clinical management. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells (VEC) were identified as the leading cells of keloid development. However, their roles in the keloid immune landscape have yet to be thoroughly elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the functional state of cells in the immune landscape of keloids, we conducted a single\u2010cell RNA sequencing analysis on the tissue from three keloid lesions and two specimens of healthy skin. We simultaneously utilized available keloid data from the public database for external validation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specific subsets, such as proinflammatory fibroblasts (piF) and VEC, were markedly elevated in lesional skin\u00a0compared to normal skin. Subsequent differential gene expression and Gene Ontology analyses indicated that these subsets may be involved in shaping the microenvironment. In keloids, there is an increased expression of immune\u2010associated genes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), including TNFRSF6B, HGF, and TGFB3, alongside a decreased expression of inflammatory chemokines in the piF. Moreover, the significant upregulation of immune suppressive genes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), including CD39, CD73, and HIF1A, suggested the potential involvement of VEC as a conditional immune subpopulation in the keloid microenvironment. Immune cell communication analysis revealed preferential enrichment of macrophages and Tregs, highlighting intensified macrophage\u2010centered interactions within the keloid microenvironment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study highlighted the role of piF and VEC in the immune microenvironment of keloids for the first time, providing potential targets for therapeutic development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T12:13:51Z","timestamp":1729858431000},"page":"890-900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Single\u2010cell <scp>RNA<\/scp> sequencing highlights the role of proinflammatory fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells in the keloid immune 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