{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:08:54Z","timestamp":1789607334120,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Air pollution, a critical global health challenge, impacts nearly the entire world population, with low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries bearing a disproportionate burden. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that air pollution is the most urgent and largest public health problem. While its role in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is well established, its effects on skin, particularly in inducing pigmentation, remain underexplored. The pollutants, particularly particulate matter, penetrate the skin and activate pathways like the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidative stress exacerbates inflammatory responses and triggers melanocyte stimulation, leading to hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma, senile lentigines, and diffuse facial pigmentation. Additionally, the synergistic interaction of air pollution with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exacerbates its impact on skin. Emerging evidence highlights the potential of antioxidants such as N\u2010acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and niacinamide as protective measures against the effects of air pollution. It is vital that air pollution is recognized as a significant contributor to inflammatory skin disorders and skin pigmentation, patients are made aware of the need for preventive measures, and policymakers are cognizant of the urgent need for sustainable environmental policies to reduce its impact. This narrative review focuses on current knowledge on pollution\u2010induced skin pigmentation, preventive measures, and skin care strategies to mitigate pollution\u2010induced pigmentary changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:08:58Z","timestamp":1748218138000},"page":"1788-1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Air Pollution on Skin Pigmentation: Mechanisms and Protective Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niti","family":"Khunger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and STD Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5578-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshuman","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and STD Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"\u201cBillions of People Still Breathe Unhealthy Air: New WHO Data\u201d[Internet] [cited 2025 Feb 23] https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/04\u201004\u20102022\u2010billions\u2010of\u2010people\u2010still\u2010breathe\u2010unhealthy\u2010air\u2010new\u2010who\u2010data."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"\u201cAir Pollution\u201d[Internet] [cited 2025 Feb 23] https:\/\/www.who.int\/health\u2010topics\/air\u2010pollution#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"\u201cGuidance on Air Pollution and Health\u201d[Internet] [cited 2025 Feb 23] https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/compendium\u2010on\u2010health\u2010and\u2010environment\/air\u2010pollution\u2010and\u2010health."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14820"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S131323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2450605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019540316060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2015.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17951"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Fitzpatrick's Dermatology","author":"Ostrowski S. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2023.1256399"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Us Epa O \u201cCriteria Air Pollutants\u201d (2014)[cited 2025 Feb 23] https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/criteria\u2010air\u2010pollutants."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13257"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es405490a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000215Y.0000000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37186-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17020095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101481"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403\u2010024\u201003448\u20105"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phototoxicity and Environmental Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)\u2010Light\u2010Induced Reactive Oxygen Species, Lipid Peroxidation, and DNA Damage","volume":"30","author":"Fu P. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.09.117","article-title":"Pollution Doubles Skin Damage From Solar Ultraviolet Radiation","volume":"64","author":"Garay M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00762.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.08.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","article-title":"Involvement of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)\u2010Signaling in Skin Melanogenesis","volume":"128","author":"Krutmann J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201015295\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.02.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"3227","article-title":"PM2.5 Induces Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress Injury and Melanin Metabolic Disorder in Human Melanocytes","volume":"19","author":"Suo D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"Lentigo [Internet] \u201cDermNet2023\u201d[cited 2025 Feb 23] https:\/\/dermnetnz.org\/topics\/lentigo."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Basit H.","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Pollution as a Risk Factor for the Development of Melasma and Other Skin Disorders of Facial Hyperpigmentation\u2014Is There a Case to Be Made?","volume":"14","author":"Roberts W. E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Drugs in Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32953-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14091048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14960"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16298-0_64"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0305-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2019.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","unstructured":"N. V.Perricone N.Leung N.Erickson andM. S.Flacks \u201cTopical Antiaging Polyphenol Compositions \u201dUS Patent 2017 [cited 2025 Feb 28] https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20170189326A1\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02296-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S204905"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03190-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040845"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.17867","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ijd.17867","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.17867","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:41:31Z","timestamp":1778859691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijd.17867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijd.17867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.17867","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}