{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:47:32Z","timestamp":1791946052543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder marked by the progressive loss of skin melanocytes, increasingly linked to immune dysregulation as a key driver of disease onset and progression. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis by suppressing autoreactive immune responses. Mounting evidence implicates functional and numerical alterations in Treg cells in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. This study reviews findings on lesional and circulating Treg cells in vitiligo patients compared to healthy controls (HCs), examining Treg cell frequency, their ability to suppress CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell activity, levels of the immunoregulatory cytokines interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010) and transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 (TGF\u2010\u03b2), expression of the key suppressive marker FOXP3, as well as levels of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines interleukin\u201017 (IL\u201017) and interleukin\u201022 (IL\u201022). A comprehensive systematic search was performed across Embase, MEDLINE\/PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify eligible studies. A total of 21 studies comprising 1016 vitiligo patients and 846 HCs were included in the review. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in peripheral Treg cell counts (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01), impaired overall suppressive capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01), reduced levels of IL\u201010 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02), increased levels of IL\u201017 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.01) and IL\u201022 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.01) in the blood of vitiligo patients compared to HCs. No statistically significant difference was observed in circulating TGF\u2010\u03b2 levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.1). Most studies reported reduced FOXP3 expression in both skin and blood of vitiligo patients. Current evidence suggests vitiligo involves both reduced numbers and impaired function of Treg cells, supporting further study of Treg pathways as targets for immunomodulatory therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T03:49:01Z","timestamp":1752551341000},"page":"2247-2256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Regulatory T Cell Dysregulation in Vitiligo: A Meta\u2010Analysis and Systematic Review of Immune Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0152-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Lerner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur  Winterthur Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0654-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3542-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Stoffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2123-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloi","family":"Schmauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard  Cambridge USA"},{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge USA"},{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3863-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"K\u00fcndig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0797-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Passeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University C\u00f4te d'Azur. CHU Nice  Nice France"},{"name":"University C\u00f4te d'Azur. INSERM U1065, C3M  Nice France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Seneschal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders, H\u00f4pital Saint\u2010Andr\u00e9  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR\u20105164, ImmunoConcEpt  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3249-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanja","family":"van Geel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3105-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios G. 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