{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:35:13Z","timestamp":1770752113013,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sulfur mustard (SM) was extensively used during the Iraq\u2013Iran War (1983\u20131988). The study assessed the prevalence of dermatoses in exposed survivors compared to the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a retrospective cohort study, we visited and compared the prevalence of skin complaints and active dermatoses in 1538 SM\u2010exposed survivors and 1425 unexposed controls. All participants underwent clinical evaluations by dermatologists across multiple centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exposed group demonstrated a higher prevalence of chronic diseases (odds ratio [OR]: 4.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.92\u20135.34), history of dermatoses (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.97\u20132.73), need for dermatologic care (OR: 5.91, 95% CI: 4.67\u20137.50), and corticosteroid use (OR: 10.98, 95% CI: 8.77\u201313.74) with concurrent use of multiple corticosteroid forms. Dermatologist examinations revealed a higher rate of skin complaints (92.1% vs. 23.4%; OR: 36.47, 95% CI: 29.24\u201344.5) and dermatoses (86.7% vs. 32.1%; OR: 13.81, 95% CI: 11.48\u201316.61) in the exposed group. The most prevalent symptom among the exposed group was itching (84.7% vs. 14.5%; OR: 32.46, 95% CI: 26.52\u201339.74), followed by burning sensation (38% vs. 3.6%; OR: 16.54, 95% CI: 12.28\u201322.28) and dry skin (36.2% vs. 5.6%; OR: 9.52, 95% CI: 7.43\u201312.20). Dermatologist visits indicated the highest odds in the exposed group compared to the control group for: blistering disorders (OR: 40.4, 95% CI: 2.4\u2013667.4); persistent warts (OR: 17.7, 95% CI: 1.0\u2013304.5); pruritus (OR: 17.1, 95% CI: 9.5\u201330.77); xerosis (OR: 11.98, 95% CI: 9.36\u201315.34); neurodermatitis (OR: 10.28, 95% CI: 5.79\u201318.56); lichen simplex chronicus (OR: 9.02, 95% CI: 6.13\u201313.28); and excoriated dermatitis (OR: 7.75, 95% CI: 5.88\u201310.23). There was no significant rise in the risk of vitiligo, psoriasis, keloids, drug\u2010induced acne, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), morphea, discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or melanoma in the exposed group compared to the control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single\u2010dose SM exposure\u2014regardless of its amount or duration\u2014leads to significantly more long\u2010lasting skin conditions compared to the controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T04:43:51Z","timestamp":1759639431000},"page":"314-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010Term Risk of Dermatoses Following Sulfur Mustard Exposure: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9473-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parviz","family":"Toossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9025-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SeyedHasan","family":"Etemadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Khatam\u2010Ol\u2010Anbia Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5125-8293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Sedighimoghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Marien Hospital Schwerte  Schwerte Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9463-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Abdollahimajd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Research Center of Artificial Intelligence in Health, Shohada\u2010e Tajrish Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3315-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Roustanezhad","family":"Arabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5580-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliakbar","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marziye","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2149-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahram","family":"Ariaeenejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Sarrafi\u2010Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Batool","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Delayed Complications and Long\u2010Term Management of Sulfur Mustard Poisoning: Recent Advances by Iranian Researchers (Part I of 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M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.145037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15569540802689311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2010.529547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb04946.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Human Costs of Iraq's Chemical War Against Iran; an Epidemiological Study","volume":"7","author":"Taebi G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of War and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"A Review of Acute and Chronic Skin Complications of Sulfur Mustard Exposure","volume":"2","author":"Moin A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Categorical Data Analysis","author":"Agresti A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.s3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2022.40"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Long Term Effects of Sulfur Mustard Gas Exposure on the Skin of Iranian Combatants","volume":"5","author":"Mousavi Z.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Late Cutaneous Complications in Chemical Warfare Victims in Kerman Province","volume":"2","author":"Fekri A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Delayed Cutaneous Complications in Soldiers Attacked by Chemical Agents","volume":"7","author":"Tousi P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Research Bulletin of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.8.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Clinical Symptoms and Complications in Iranian Troops Wounded by Chemical Weapons [Babol Shahid Yahyanejad Hospital; 2001\u20132003]","volume":"8","author":"Rezvani S. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552\u2010012\u20100094\u20108"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Effects of Sulfur Mustard on the Skin and Their Management: Reviewing the Studies Conducted on Iranian Chemical Victims","volume":"16","author":"Razavi S. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742\u20107843.2006.pto_429.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Relationship Between Mustard Gas and Cancer in Iranian Soldiers of Imposed War in Isfahan Province: A Pilot Study","volume":"4","author":"Gilasi H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3315\/jdcr.2012.1109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pro\u2010Inflammatory and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Cytokines in Sulfur Mustard Exposed Survivors: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Mousavi B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of War and Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.70080","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ijd.70080","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijd.70080","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:23:49Z","timestamp":1770726229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijd.70080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijd.70080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.70080","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}