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The risk of rejection may vary depending on the degree of compatibility between the donor and recipient for both human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non\u2010HLA gene\u2010encoded products. Monitoring the status of the allograft is a critical aspect of post\u2010transplant management, with invasive biopsies being the standard of care for detecting rejection. Non\u2010invasive biomarkers are increasingly being recognized as valuable tools for aiding in the detection of graft rejection, monitoring graft status and evaluating the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we focus on the importance of molecular biomarkers in solid organ transplantation and their potential role in clinical practice. Conventional molecular biomarkers used in transplantation include HLA typing, detection of anti\u2010HLA antibodies, killer cell immunoglobulin\u2013like receptor genotypes, and anti\u2010MHC class 1\u2013related chain A antibodies, which are important for assessing the compatibility of the donor and recipient. Emerging molecular biomarkers include the detection of donor\u2010derived cell\u2010free DNA, microRNAs (regulation of gene expression), exosomes (small vesicles secreted by cells), and kidney solid organ response test, in the recipient's blood for early signs of rejection. This review highlights the strengths and limitations of these molecular biomarkers and their potential role in improving transplant outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T04:29:40Z","timestamp":1704947380000},"page":"47-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Non\u2010invasive molecular biomarkers for monitoring solid organ transplantation: A comprehensive overview"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Jeffy J","family":"Fernando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lalitha","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2003.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813121106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007101056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318230c079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12529"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016091034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20102478(91)90199\u2010k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12864"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Urinary CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels and acute renal graft rejection","volume":"10","author":"Ciftci H. 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