{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T22:49:55Z","timestamp":1788648595710,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunogenetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several studies suggest that a deficiency in vitamin D might be a potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy. Research has extensively studied vitamin D receptor genes, such as the <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphisms, and found links between these genetic variations and susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy across different populations. This study aimed to investigate how vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphisms influence the risk of diabetic retinopathy complications in individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was a hospital\u2010based case\u2010control research with 153 diabetic retinopathy patients, 153 Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and 153 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls. Through the collection and analysis of clinical and demographic data, the study assessed the diabetic retinopathy risk factors. The <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic> genotypes were determined by analysing DNA isolated from blood samples using polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. Diabetic retinopathy patients had a much higher prevalence of VDD (OR = 6.24, 95% CI = 3.14\u201312.39; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) than Type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, diabetic retinopathy patients had significantly higher frequencies of the <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic> ff genotype (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.24\u20133.75; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005) and the f allele (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.18\u20132.06; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) than Type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls. These results indicate that vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphisms are risk factors for the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy. There is a significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, the <jats:italic>FokI<\/jats:italic> gene of the ff genotype and the f allele have been linked to an increased risk of developing diabetic retinopathy complications in patients with a history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Ethiopian population under study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T09:28:37Z","timestamp":1748942917000},"page":"195-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Receptor <i>FokI<\/i> Gene Polymorphism With Diabetic Retinopathy Complications in Ethiopian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Addisu","family":"Melake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science College of Health Science Debre Tabor University  Debre Tabor 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