{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T18:10:04Z","timestamp":1768241404890,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunogenetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Background: Variations in individuals\u2019 susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 may be linked to the presence of genetic polymorphisms. The interferon\u2010induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) has a powerful protective function by blocking viral entry into the host cell. Similarly, Interferon Lambda 3 (IFNL3) binds to its receptors and induces a variety of interferon\u2010stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibit viral replication. Our study aimed to investigate the potential association of\n                    <jats:italic>IFITM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene polymorphism (rs12252) as well as serum IFNL3 level with COVID\u201019 infection, severity, and mortality.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Method: This case\u2010control study was held during the period from July 2021 to October 2022 in Mansoura University hospitals in Egypt. We included 100 healthy controls and 154 COVID\u201019 patients. TaqMan real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction was used for allelic discrimination in the genotyping of rs12252 of the\n                    <jats:italic>IFITM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Serum IFNL\u20103 was assayed using the ELISA technique.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: The genotype and allele frequency distributions of the rs12252 showed that the frequency of the G allele and AG\/GG genotypes was significantly higher in patients than in controls, with no significant association with either disease severity or outcome. Serum IFNL3 level is significantly higher among patients, with no statistically significant difference between mild and severe cases and no significant association with the outcome of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Conclusion: We found that the AG genotype and G allele of\n                    <jats:italic>IFITM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs12252 are associated with COVID\u201019 infection in the Egyptian population but not with severity or outcome. Additionally, serum IFNL3 level is significantly associated with COVID\u201019 susceptibility but not with severity. It is associated with tachypnea and end\u2010organ failure in severe cases. So, they are independent predictors only for developing COVID\u201019 infection, but not for developing severe infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.70024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:16:22Z","timestamp":1762492582000},"page":"41-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study of Interferon\u2010Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Gene Polymorphism and Serum Interferon\u2010\u03bb3 Level in COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Rana","family":"Saudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mansoura Faculty of Medicine  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mansoura Faculty of Medicine  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Elshabrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mansoura Faculty of Medicine  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Sobh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Mansoura Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University Children's Hospital  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa H.","family":"Elnagdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mansoura Faculty of Medicine  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155957"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4370"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2020.1837439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573398X16999200302154418"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237959"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085537"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1101229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S327090"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1683-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002832"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2021.62.5.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Treatment Guidelines Panel. n.d. \u201cCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) Treatment Guidelines.\u201dNational Institutes of Health. 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