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The diagnosis of AMR is based on three criteria: Histologic evidence of acute tissue injury, evidence of current\/recent antibody interaction with the donor endothelium and serologic evidence of circulating donor\u2010specific antibody (DSA), HLA and non\u2010HLA. Whilst there is significant evidence around the role of HLA\u2010DSA, there is limited evidence of the role of the latter and the elucidation of these targets is still in its infancy, but it is clear that these may play a significant role in the immune response to a transplanted organ. 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