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The diagnosis of AMR is based on clinical, pathological characteristics and on the detection of antibodies specific to the organ donors\u2019 mismatched human leukocyte antigens (HLA) antigens. Accumulating evidence in recent years however suggests that antibodies against antigens encoded by genes outside the HLA complex can play a role in the development of AMR. Non\u2010HLA antigens are mostly expressed on the surface of endothelial and epithelial cells but can also be localized intracellularly and released in the bloodstream or lymph in case of cell lysis. Among these are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I\u2010related chain MICA, MICB, angiotensin II\u2010R1 receptor (ATR1), collagen, K\u2010\u03b11 tubulin, cardiac myosin, vimentin and other molecules. Antibodies to non\u2010HLA antigens can occur before transplantation but may be also produced de novo. The detection of non\u2010HLA antibodies is carried out using the xMap (Luminex) technology, the so\u2010called endothelial crossmatch and other techniques; however, these methodologies and interpretation of results have their pitfalls. In this short review, we briefly discuss the recent literature on the clinical role of non\u2010HLA antibodies in organ transplant rejection and survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:31:52Z","timestamp":1787135512000},"page":"362-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibodies to Non\u2010HLA Antigens and Their Role in Organ Transplant Rejection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Katerina","family":"Jaklov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunogenetics Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM)  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Vychytilov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunogenetics Institute for Clinical and Experimental 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