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The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the founder cell for all functional blood cells. Like HSCs, the leukaemia stem cells (LSC) are hypothesised to be the leukaemia\u2010initiating cells, which have features of stemness such as self\u2010renewal, quiescence, and resistance to cytotoxic drugs. Immunophenotypically, CD34+CD38\u2212 defines HSCs by adding lineage negativity and CD90+CD45RA\u2212. At which stage of maturation the further differentiation is blocked, determines the type of leukaemia, and determines the immunophenotype of the LSC specific to the leukaemia type. No apparent LSC phenotype has been described in lymphoid leukaemia, and it is debated if a specific acute lymphocytic leukaemia\u2010initiating cell is present, as all cells are capable of engraftment in a secondary mouse model. In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, a B\u2010cell clone is responsible for uncontrolled proliferation, not a specific LSC. In chronic and acute myeloid leukaemia, LSC is described as CD34+CD38\u2212 with the expression of a marker that is aberrantly expressed (LSC marker), such as CD45RA, CD123 or in the case of chronic myeloid leukaemia CD26. In acute myeloid leukaemia, the LSC load had prognostic relevance and might be a biomarker that can be used for monitoring and as an addition to measurable residual disease. However, challenges such as the CD34\u2010negative immunophenotype need to be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.14348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T07:00:24Z","timestamp":1721804424000},"page":"795-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunophenotypic features of early haematopoietic and leukaemia stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1346-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Reuvekamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Hematology Amsterdam UMC Location Universiteit van Amsterdam  Amsterdam The 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