{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T21:46:53Z","timestamp":1776203213789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Lab Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to assess programmed death\u20101 (PD\u20101) and programmed death ligand\u20101 (PDL\u20101) expression in newly diagnosed pediatric cases of acute B\u2010lymphoblastic leukemia (B\u2010ALL) and at 6\u2009months of treatment and to explore their value as biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty newly diagnosed B\u2010ALL patients and 30 controls were recruited. Bone marrow samples or peripheral blood were obtained from children at diagnosis and 6 months after cytotoxic therapy. Flow cytometric analysis of obtained samples was done and the PD\u20101, PDL\u20101, and CD3 (cluster of differentiation) expressions were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Percentages of PD\u20101, PDL\u20101, and CD3 in the control and B\u2010ALL groups at initial presentation were 7.9%\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8% vs. 16.45%\u2009\u00b1\u20097.7% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023), 8.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4% vs. 19.05%\u2009\u00b1\u200913.7% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and 30.8%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2% vs. 11.05%\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), respectively. CD3 expression increased significantly at 6\u2009months; PD\u20101 and PDL\u20101 expression showed insignificant decrease from initial presentation. There was a negative correlation between PD\u20101 and HB level (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and a positive correlation between PD\u20101 and PDL\u20101 at 6\u2009months of treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Remission rates increased significantly with the decrease of PD\u20101and PDL\u20101.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Initially, PD\u20101 and PDL\u20101 were higher in patients than in controls and decreased 6\u2009months after treatment. PD\u20101 and PDL\u20101 expression was associated with increased remission rates, implicating that modulation of PD\u20101 and PDL\u20101 expression may be a therapeutic approach for B\u2010ALL. Moreover, this study created a new method for the assessment of PD\u20101 and PDL\u20101 in B\u2010ALL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold> NCT05428111<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.14472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T05:01:48Z","timestamp":1743483708000},"page":"832-839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Programmed Cell Death\u20101 and Programmed Cell Death Ligand\u20101 in Childhood Acute B\u2010Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Expression and Significance as Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Ahmed","family":"Allam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology Sohag University Faculty of Medicine  Sohag Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology Sohag University Faculty of Medicine  Sohag Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0602-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ahmad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sohag University Faculty of Medicine  Sohag Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safaa A. 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