{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:13:42Z","timestamp":1783743222476,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Lab Hematology"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The detection of Kappa (\u03ba) and Lambda (\u03bb) light chains is crucial for the diagnosis and management of diseases such as multiple myeloma. Abnormal secretion of \u03ba and \u03bb light chains can be assessed quantitatively or qualitatively using various methods. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of \u03ba and \u03bb light chains and their ratio (\u03ba\/\u03bb) in different patients with and without monoclonal gammopathies, utilizing flow cytometry, serum free light chain assays, and gel immunofixation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This retrospective study included data from 92 patients, both with and without monoclonal gammopathy. Patients were categorized into two groups based on serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation: those with positive monoclonal bands (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200977) and those without (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200915). Simultaneous assessments of bone marrow plasma cells were conducted using flow cytometry, along with serum free \u03ba and \u03bb light chain assays.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n After natural logarithm transformation, the serum \u03ba\/\u03bb ratio was compared to the flow cytometry results for plasma cells. The \u03ba\/\u03bb ratios showed a stronger association between serum free light chains and abnormal plasma cells (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.84,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) compared to normal plasma cells (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.32,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Additionally, chi\u2010squared analysis indicated a significant association for detecting free light chains for flow cytometry in comparison to serum immunofixation technique (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) with sensitivity and specificity of 94.2% and 47.6% respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Free light chain immunophenotyping using flow cytometry can serve as a complementary technique for identifying the type and quantity of positive free light chains in conjunction with immunofixation and serum free light chain assays.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.70180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:56:20Z","timestamp":1783742180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive Assessment of Flow Cytometry Light Chains: Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation Using Serum Protein Immunofixation and Free Light Chain Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Anwar","family":"Borai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1749-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meaad","family":"Almowaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Jeddah Saudi 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