{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T09:22:19Z","timestamp":1769332939980,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Nursing Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was officially declared in the West Africa region by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 23 March 2014. This first episode of EVD in Nigeria on 20 July 2014 raised more intense panic globally than the seven occurrences of the disease in Zaire. Although Nigeria was declared Ebola free by the WHO within 3\u2009months, it is imperative to understand people's perceptions of the disease in the country. A discussion of peoples' perception of EVD in Nigeria is the aim of this article. This discussion paper complements secondary data with grey literature to explore how peoples' imagination and personification of thoughts influence their health orientation. Data are sourced from secondary information compiled from \u2018<jats:italic>The Nation Newspaper<\/jats:italic>, 2014\u2019; \u2018Nairaland online forum, 2014\u2019 and \u2018<jats:italic>Giftedgreen<\/jats:italic> online magazine, 2014\u2019. Ebola virus disease was perceived as a spiritual manipulation of witchcraft activities and described as biological terrorism and a means of creating a drug market, among other issues, in the country. Public health professionals should consider the sociocultural milieu to understand and offer health\u2010care services in epidemics. Public health orientation work is urgently required in Nigeria to forestall future occurrence of EVD and other highly infectious diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T07:46:00Z","timestamp":1460706360000},"page":"291-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perceptions of Ebola virus disease in Nigeria: Understanding the influence of imagination on health orientation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rachael O","family":"Oduyemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing University of Ibadan  Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ayegboyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Ibadan  Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kabiru K","family":"Salami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Ibadan  Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Blanco\u2010SilvaF GruverS Young\u2010JuK RizkallaCThe epidemiology of Ebola virus in western lowland gorillas and the human population in the Congo.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2009.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea Liberia and Sierra Leone.2014. Retrieved on 5 January 2014 fromwww.cdc.gov"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Ebola outbreak in Guinea: a different type of regional stability threat","author":"Waddington C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Africa Conflict Monthly Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO).Ebola virus disease fact sheet no. 103.2014. Retrieved On 10 September 2014 fromwww.who.int"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Epidemiologic investigation of the variations in clinical pathology findings?","volume":"27","author":"Conrad JL","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Johnson ED","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"BaizeS PannetierD OestereichL et al.Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea\u2014preliminary report. The New England Journal of Medicine.2014. Retrieved on 25 April 2015 fromwww.nejm.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200001000-00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"MedicineNet.Ebola virus: facts on symptoms and the latest outbreak.2014 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.medicinenet.com"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"ix","article-title":"An introduction to Ebola: the virus and the disease","volume":"179","author":"Peters CJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in West Africa\u2014the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections","volume":"371","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2014","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2384-5589.139434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus","volume":"76","author":"Johnson E","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"680","article-title":"Use of quarantine to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2014Taiwan, MMWR","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2003","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Fact sheet: Ebola haemorrhagic fever revised May 2004.2004 Retrieved on 22 April 2015 fromhttp:\/\/www.reliefweb.int\/report\/congo\/who\u2010fact\u2010sheet\u2010ebola\u2010haemorrhagic\u2010fever"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Ebola situation report.2014c. Retrieved on 22 April 2015 fromapps.who.int\/ebola\/en\/ebola\u2010situation\u2010reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia.Nairaland.2015. Retrieved on 11 April 2015 from:www.wikipedia.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"Alexa.Top sites in Nigeria.2014. Retrieved on April 10 2015 from:www.alexa.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia.Nairaland.2014. Retrieved on 11 April 2015 from:www.wikipedia.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"OsewaSNairaland.com traffic statistics for 2014\/2015.2015 Retrieved on 11 April 2015 fromwww.nairaland.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"MadsenM.ArcelorMittal Liberia health manager carried Ebola to Nigeria. Steel First.2014 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.steelfirst.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"IbekweN.Nigeria: exclusive\u2014how Liberian government cleared Patrick Sawyer to travel to Nigeria while under observation for Ebola.2014 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.allafrica.com\/stories"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"IbehN.Ebola: Lagos hospital which treated Patrick Sawyer to receive N4m. The Premium Times.2014 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/top\u2010news"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"BBC News.Breaking news: America gives anti\u2010Ebola drug to Liberia free of charge. 12 August2014. Retrieved on 15 May 2015 fromwww.bbc.co.uk\/news"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"MarkM.Ebola outbreak: nurse who treated first victim in Nigeria dies. The Guardian 2014. Retrieved on 9 May 2015 fromwww.theguardian.com\/world"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"Reuters.Lagos records second Ebola case in doctor who treated victim: Nigerian health minister.2014 Retrieved on 11 May 2015 fromwww.reute.com\/article"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","unstructured":"The Punch Newspaper.Health minister raises fear over Ebola resurgence. November 17 edition2014. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.punchng.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"Nigeria Tell.Health minister raises fear over Ebola resurgence. November 17 Edition.2014. Retrieved on 2 March 2015 fromwww.nigeriatell.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"A Lagos thing: rules and realities in the Nigerian megacity","volume":"8","author":"Obono O","year":"2007","journal-title":"Georgetown Journal of Int'l Affairs"},{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"548","article-title":"Ebola viral disease outbreak\u2014West Africa","volume":"63","author":"Dixon MG","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","volume-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","volume-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02533952.2015.1029744"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","volume-title":"Microsoft\u00ae Encarta\u00ae [DVD]","author":"Ellwood RS","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","unstructured":"Nairaland.Witches wizards endorse Goodluck Jonathan\u2014Politics on Dec. 27 2014. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.nairaland.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"Nigerian Monitor.Witches and wizards predict shocking outcome of 2015 elections. Published Dec. 28 2014. Retrieved on 10 May 2015 fromwww.nigerianmonitor.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"The Sun Newspaper.Witches declare war on Boko Haram. Published on 19 July2014. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.sunnewsonline.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"MalcolmT.10 conspiracy theories about Ebola.2014 Retrieved on 14 May 2015 fromwww.giftedgreen.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","unstructured":"OkonkwoO.Ebola: herbalist says he can cure virus with cobra's heart porcupine's eye and N50 000.00. Published 2 October2014. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.pulse.ng"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","unstructured":"The Times of London.Witchdoctors cash in on Ebola misery. Published September 30. 1 London Bridge Street England.2014 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.thetimes.co.uk\/\/tto\/news\/world\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","unstructured":"Nigerian Bulletin.Africa belief in witchcraft hampering fight against Ebola outbreak says British doctor. Published on July 312014. Retrieved on 11 May 2015 fromwww.nigerianbulletin.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","unstructured":"The Nation.Superstition helps spread Ebola. Published August 272014. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.thenationonlineng.net"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","unstructured":"Liebowitz J IbrahimJ.A capacity assessment of Nigerian Political Parties Democratic Governance for Development (DGD) programme UNDP Nigeria.2013 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.ng.undp.org\/dgd\/resoures"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Peace and Conflict Studies in Africa","author":"Nweke EN","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","unstructured":"AniKJ NwanajuI.Post\u2010conflict inter\u2010group forgiveness: tool for sustainable national peace and development in Nigeria.2011. Paper Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Research and Development held at University of Lome Republic of Togo from June 1\u20132:1\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","unstructured":"Nigerian Tribune Newspaper.Why PDP will rule for 60\u2009years\u2014Ogbulafor. Published on 4 July2008. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.tribuneonlineng.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","unstructured":"The Punch Newspaper.June 12: historic election that shook Nigeria. Published on 8 June2013. Retrieved on 10 May 2014 fromwww.punchng.com"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Nigerian federalism under civilian and military regimes","volume":"18","author":"Elaigwu JI","year":"1988","journal-title":"Publius"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022278X03004464"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","unstructured":"The Punch Newspaper.Pesticide responsible for Ondo deaths says WHO. Published on 20 April2015. Retrieved on 13 May 2015 fromwww.punchng.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","unstructured":"EbijeAI.Ebola the biological terrorism weapon of mass destruction. 18 August 2014 inR&D Health 2014. Accessed on 22August 2015.http:\/\/theeagleonline.com.ng\/ebola\u2010the\u2010biological\u2010terrorism\u2010weapon\u2010of\u2010mass\u2010destruction\u2010by\u2010ayegba\u2010israel\u2010ebije\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","unstructured":"Internal Displaced Monitoring Centre (IDMC).Nigeria: fleeing Boko Haram's relentless terror.2014 Retrieved on 15 May 2015 fromwww.internal\u2010displacement.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","unstructured":"Vanguard.Ebola latest: US rejects Nigeria's request for trial drug. Published 8 August2014. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.vanguardngr.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","unstructured":"The Nigerian Voice.Ebola: prices of hand sanitisers soar as Nigerians embrace preventive measure.2014 Retrieved 22 August2015.http:\/\/www.thenigerianvoice.com\/news\/155461\/1\/ebola\u2010prices\u2010of\u2010hand\u2010sanitisers\u2010soar\u2010as\u2010nigerians\u2010.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","unstructured":"Daily Independent Newspaper.Resurgence of Ebola and its threat to Nigeria. Editorial. January 8th2015. Accessed on 17 February 2015 fromwww.dailyindependentnews.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).State of the world population\u2014press release.2014 Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.unfpa.org\/world\u2010population\u2010trend"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","unstructured":"Three World Wars.What is the New World Order?2012. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.threewoldwars.com\/new\u2010world\u2010order"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","unstructured":"WellsHG.The new world order. San Diego Press2006. Retrieved on 3 May 2015 fromwww.sandiego.indymedia.org\/media\/2006\/10\/119627.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","volume-title":"Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture","author":"Fenster M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","unstructured":"OgiugoKE.Ebola: Nigerians back to old habits. Leadership Newspaper. Published on December 152014.www.leadership.ng\/news\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","unstructured":"The Punch Newspaper.Between June 12 and March 28. Published on April 72015. Retrieved on 12 May 2015 fromwww.punchng.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","unstructured":"Sahara Reporters.Twenty\u2010eight children die by lead poisoning in Niger State from gold mines. Published on May 15 2015. Retrieved on 18 May 2015 fromwww.saharareporters.com"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Nursing Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fijn.12425","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fijn.12425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijn.12425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T01:00:14Z","timestamp":1696294814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijn.12425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijn.12425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.12425","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1322-7114","1440-172X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1322-7114","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-172X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]}}}