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Infants had body composition measured (using dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry) and HBM collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant interaction between maternal BMI and infant sex on insulin levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0322) was observed such that insulin was 229% higher in obese mothers nursing female infants than in normal weight mothers nursing female infants and 179% higher than obese mothers nursing male infants. For leptin, a significant association with BMI category was observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) such that overweight and obese mothers had 96.5% and 315.1% higher leptin levels than normal weight mothers, respectively. Leptin was also found to have a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0004) 33.7% decrease from months 1 to 6, controlling for BMI category and sex. A significant inverse relationship between month 1 leptin levels and infant length (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0257), percent fat (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0223), total fat mass (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0226) and trunk fat mass (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0111) at month 6 was also found. No associations or interactions were observed for glucose, TNF\u2010\u03b1 or IL\u20106.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data demonstrate that maternal BMI, infant sex and stage of lactation affect the compositional make\u2010up of insulin and leptin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]],"date-time":"2017-02-04T03:57:21Z","timestamp":1486180641000},"page":"78-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Associations between human breast milk hormones and adipocytokines and infant growth and body composition in the first 6\u2009months of life"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"D.A.","family":"Fields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and CMRI Metabolic Research Program  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Obesity Research Center  Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.B.","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Obesity Research Center  Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Teague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and CMRI Metabolic Research Program  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.W.","family":"Demerath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Breastfeeding report card United States\/2014. 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