{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:59:14Z","timestamp":1790485154970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003092","name":"Diabetes Fonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013.81.1664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013.81.1664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC\u20102014\u2010CoG\u201064916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC\u20102014\u2010CoG\u201064916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to increased risk of overweight\/obesity among children and adults. Studies have also implicated obesity as a risk factor for ADHD. However, no studies have evaluated bidirectional, longitudinal associations between childhood fat mass and ADHD symptom severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigate bidirectional associations between ADHD symptoms and measures of body composition between ages 1.5 and 9. We further examine effects of specific eating patterns linked to ADHD on associations between symptom severity and body composition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study utilized data from children (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03903) participating in the Generation R cohort (Netherlands). Children were enrolled at birth and retained regardless of ADHD symptoms over time. Cross\u2010lagged and change models examined bidirectional associations between body composition (body mass index\/dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry) and ADHD symptoms at four time points in childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A child with a clinically concerning ADHD symptom z\u2010score two standard deviations above the mean at age 6 would be expected to experience about 0.22\u00a0kg greater fat mass gain measured via dual\u2010energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry between ages 6 and 9, even if they displayed healthy eating patterns (95% CI: 0.11 \u2010 0.28, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Conversely, fat mass at any age did not predict worse ADHD symptoms later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Beginning in early childhood, more ADHD symptoms predict higher fat mass at later ages. We did not find evidence of a reverse association. Based on these and prior findings, lifestyle counselling during treatment for children with a diagnosis of ADHD should be considered, even if they are diagnosed in early childhood and do not yet have a body mass index of clinical concern.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T03:29:46Z","timestamp":1528169386000},"page":"567-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["ADHD symptoms and body composition changes in childhood: a longitudinal study evaluating directionality of associations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6853-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. B.","family":"Bowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Merrimack College  North Andover MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. W.","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. W. V.","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. D.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. W.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC\u2010University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam  The 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