{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:28:13Z","timestamp":1769635693726,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides enough formula to meet the known nutritional needs of infants up to 6 months of age whose mothers report not breastfeeding, but many mothers report WIC providing insufficient formula, indicating potential overfeeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of potential overfeeding among formula\u2010feeding WIC participants and identify associated factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential overfeeding was identified among participants of the longitudinal Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study\u20102 (ITFPS\u20102) receiving the fully formula\u2010feeding WIC infant package at 1 month of age (n = 1235, weighted n = 197\u2009079). Associations of potential overfeeding with caloric intake, weight and participant characteristics were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential overfeeding was identified among 37.41% (95% CI = 33.57\u201041.25%) of fully formula\u2010feeding infants. Potentially overfed infants were 0.18\u2009kg heavier (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = .01), consumed 26 more calories daily (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = .004) and were more likely Non\u2010Hispanic White or English\u2010speaking Hispanic (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = .007) and highly active at 5 months of age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = .01). Mothers of potentially overfed infants were less likely to agree that breastfeeding is easier than bottle feeding, only mothers can feed breastfed infants, turning away from the bottle indicates satiation, and crying always indicates hunger (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values .04, .002, .04 and .04 respectively), and more likely to report WIC provides insufficient formula early (1\u20105 months, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;.0001) and late (6\u201013\u2009months, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = .007) in infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential overfeeding occurs in 37% of fully formula\u2010feeding infant WIC\u2010participants &lt;6 months old. Mothers of these infants may benefit from additional education about the formula needs of their infants and how to recognize infant satiation cues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T04:08:47Z","timestamp":1592539727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Potential overfeeding among formula fed Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children participants and associated factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0912-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC  Irwindale California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC  Irwindale California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison K.","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, College of Science and Mathematics California Polytechnic State University  San Luis Obispo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Whaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC  Irwindale California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003201"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"487","article-title":"Insulin resistance in childhood obesity","volume":"15","author":"Caprio S","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.17.2107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6545a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61746-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"The WIC Program: Background, Trends and Economic Issues, 2015 Edition, EIB\u2010134","author":"Oliveira V","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.037622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updating the WIC food packages: it's about time","volume":"816","author":"Taylor J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Issue Brief George Wash Univ Natl Health Policy Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"S1499\u20104046(19):","article-title":"A qualitative study of breastfeeding and formula\u2010feeding mothers' perceptions of and experiences in WIC","author":"Almeida R","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study\u20142: Infant Year Report","author":"May L","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019001927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e3182533403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Food and Nutrition Board 2005. 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