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Interaction between gestational age and prenatal maternal smoking has not yet assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988\u20101994), linked with natality files of US\u2010born singletons aged 2 to 6\u2009years. A body mass index in the 85th percentile or higher were considered overweight, including obesity. Gestational age was dichotomized as preterm (&lt;37\u2009weeks, n = 240) or full\u2010term (n = 2125). Smoking status during pregnancy was ascertained by a questionnaire\u2010based interview during National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of offspring overweight and obesity combined was 17.3% (SE = 1.3%). And 24.0% (1.3%) of mothers smoked while pregnant. A significant interaction was observed between maternal smoking and gestational age. In preterm children, a higher prevalence of overweight (34.3% [6.7%]) was found among the offspring of smoking mothers compared to non\u2010smoking mothers (15.8% [3.6%]). After adjustment for socio\u2010demographics, prenatal and postnatal factors, in preterm born offspring, the odds ratio of being born to smoking mothers was 2.46 (95% confidence intervals: 1.13\u20105.37) among children with overweight\/obesity compared to children with healthy weight born to non\u2010smoking mothers. In full\u2010term children, the OR of being born to smoking mothers was 0.72 (0.50\u20101.03) among offspring with overweight\/obesity relative to offspring with healthy weight born to non\u2010smoking mothers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal smoking during pregnancy was strongly associated with offspring overweight and obesity in preterm births after control for postnatal factors. Preterm children of smoking mothers should be prioritized for obesity prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T21:03:04Z","timestamp":1601326984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overweight in U.S.\u2010born children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shirley J.","family":"Smart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurela N.","family":"Nikaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Jiann\u2010Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University  Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"288","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015\u20132016","author":"Hales CM","year":"2017","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2016.0088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200212000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intjepid\/31.2.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9560-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/157237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2012.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-002-0983-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 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