{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T15:02:56Z","timestamp":1781362976365,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U18HS025298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U18HS025298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the medications used to treat it are associated with obesity. Stimulants lead to weight loss, while antipsychotics and antidepressants lead to weight gain. Little is known, however, how alpha\u20102\u2010agonists impact weight, or the independent effect on BMI of these four classes of medications, which are often prescribed concurrently. We aimed to estimate the proximal change in BMI associated with start of medication and to assess whether medication\u2010specific departures in BMI varied by age and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed longitudinal electronic health records from children (4\u201019\u2009years) with an ADHD diagnosis seen at one healthcare system (2011\u20102018). Their BMI z\u2010scores were fit as a cubic function of age via a mixed model, separately by sex and adjusting for race\/ethnicity. From this model, we estimated annual changes in BMI\u2010z after medication, allowing changes to vary by age and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 22\u2009714 children with ADHD (mean initial age = 10.0), 4335 (19.1%) were never prescribed ADHD medication. The others (80.9%) experienced departures in BMI\u2010z after start of all four medication classes, which varied across age and sex (interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). All medications had larger impacts at younger ages. As expected, decreased BMI\u2010z was observed with stimulants, while antidepressants and antipsychotics led to BMI\u2010z increases; alpha\u2010agonists also were associated with BMI\u2010z increases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This longitudinal study revealed that ADHD medications are independently associated with proximal changes in BMI\u2010z after initiation, significantly varying by sex and age. Future research should study further the interactions of these medications on long\u2010term impacts on obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T16:45:07Z","timestamp":1602866707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and <scp>BMI<\/scp> trajectories: The role of medication type, sex and age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3371-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Gurka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Institute for Child Health Policy University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siraj U.","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Filipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeccah","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Child Health Policy University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Institute for Child Health Policy University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Janicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Shenkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Institute for Child Health Policy University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713513799"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020266"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12498"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814548840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2011.0125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2010.09.2204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713500144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"HalesCM CarrollMD FryarCD OgdenCL.Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States 2015\u20132016. NCHS data brief no 288. Hyattsville MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2017.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db288.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Division of Human Development and Disability NCoBDaDD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Data and Statistics about ADHD.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/adhd\/data.html.2018. Accessed June 12 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Division of Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. A SAS Program for the2000CDC Growth Charts (ages 0 to <20 years).https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/dnpao\/growthcharts\/resources\/sas.htm. 2016. 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