{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:34:42Z","timestamp":1753878882885,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003401","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["60030 000846\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60030 000846\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although childhood obesity is increasing in low\u2010income regions, theoretical models cannot be adequately applied due to the lack of prospective studies with under 2\u2010year\u2010old children from impoverished populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyse direct and indirect effects of environmental, maternal, and individual factors on excess weight gain among low\u2010income children during the first year of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from a prospective birth cohort conducted in Brazil, which followed infants at birth, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month of life (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0205). The weight\u2010for\u2010age z\u2010score was used to calculate the conditional weight gain (CWG). Direct and indirect effects on CWG were estimated using structural equation modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children's consumption of ultra\u2010processed food (UPF)\u2009\u22651 time\/day, breastfeeding duration &gt;90\u2009days, and maternal obesity showed a statistically significant direct effect on children's CWG. We observed a positive indirect pathway linking the maternal intake of UPF \u22654 times\/day to the CWG, given its direct effect on the infant's UPF consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this low\u2010income population, women who were frequent users of UPF tended to introduce these products more frequently into their children's diets. The early trade\u2010off trend in children's diet between breastfeeding and UPF was the leading cause of excessive weight gain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T10:58:37Z","timestamp":1647428317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early\u2010life determinants of excessive weight gain among low\u2010income children: Examining the adherence of theoretical frameworks to empirical data using structural equation modelling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Larine Lemos Fontes Silva","family":"Dourado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition, School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"},{"name":"Food Environment Studies and Research Center (NEPAAL), School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6226-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayanne Mayara Magalh\u00e3es","family":"De Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition, School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"},{"name":"Food Environment Studies and Research Center (NEPAAL), School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovana","family":"Longo\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition, School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"},{"name":"Food Environment Studies and Research Center (NEPAAL), School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1568-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risia Cristina Egito","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition, School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"},{"name":"Food Environment Studies and Research Center (NEPAAL), School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas Augusto Cardoso","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition, School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"},{"name":"Food Environment Studies and Research Center (NEPAAL), School of Nutrition (FANUT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition (DNUT), Sector of Health Sciences (SCS) Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR)  Macei\u00f3 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574\u2010019\u20100176\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12694"},{"volume-title":"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/the World Bank. 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