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Given that the major goal of this study was to examine the associations between prenatal substance exposure and child outcomes, we oversampled pregnant women for substance use (with tobacco as the primary focus).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilevel models demonstrated that children in both exposure groups had a steeper increase in BMI trajectory from birth to mid\u2010childhood and among co\u2010exposed children, girls had a steeper increase than boys. Odds ratio of having obesity by mid\u2010childhood was 12 times higher among those co\u2010exposed than non\u2010exposed. Co\u2010exposure led to significantly greater fat mass and fat mass % compared with no exposure, but exposure to only tobacco was no different than no exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results highlight potentiating effects of cannabis exposure in the context of maternal tobacco use in pregnancy on obesity risk and the importance of multi\u2010method assessments of obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.13010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T14:08:09Z","timestamp":1675433289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prenatal tobacco and cannabis co\u2010exposure and offspring obesity development from birth to mid\u2010childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kai Ling","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute Children's Mercy Hospital  Kansas City Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Kansas Medical Center  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and The Social Science Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Shisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University at Buffalo, State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayotis K.","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn A.","family":"Huestis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Emerging Health Professions Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Hawk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina D.","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and The Social Science Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.154628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544699","volume-title":"Early Life Origins of Health and Disease","author":"Gluckman PD","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(96)80079-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70583-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Services USDoHaH.The health consequences of smoking: 50\u2009years of progress. 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