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Both conditions seem to be multifactorial in origin and hypotheses of common underlying issues, such as emotional dysregulation, have been suggested. However, studies of the co\u2010occurrence of the two conditions in younger age groups have been inconclusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to study the longitudinal associations of psychological strengths and difficulties at 4\u2009years of age with health behaviours, body composition, physical fitness, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors 5\u2009years later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parents of 226 4\u2010year\u2010old children filled out the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). At 9\u2009years of age, we assessed health behaviours, physical fitness, body composition, and CVD risk factors. Associations were examined with linear regression models that were adjusted for sex, age of the child at 9, and maternal education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the adjusted models, hyperactivity at 4 was associated with higher fat\u2010free mass (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) and lower levels of sedentary behaviour (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> \u22120.14, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043) at 9\u2009years. Furthermore, greater emotional problems at 4 were associated with lower intake of fruit and vegetables (\u03b2 \u22120.14, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038) at 9\u2009years. However, there were no statistically significant associations between psychological difficulties and fat\u2010mass index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our novel data provide no evidence of an association between hyperactivity in preschool age and obesity or obesity\u2010related behaviours in school age. Future studies examining how psychological factors relate to obesity development should consider a developmental perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.13084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T08:24:32Z","timestamp":1700209472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyperactivity in preschool age is associated with higher fat\u2010free mass and healthy lifestyle behaviours five years later: A longitudinal study of Swedish children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskar","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital Link\u00f6ping University Hospital  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping 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