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Early life intervention variables were maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal weight before and during pregnancy, exclusive\/partial breastfeeding for 6\u2009months, and introduction of complementary food at 6\u2009months. Child EBRB intervention variables for the 5\u2010year outcome included screen time, fruit and vegetable intake, and sugar\u2010sweetened soft drink intake assessed at 3\u2009years. For the 8\u2010year outcome, interventions included screen time, presence of a television in the child's bedroom, sleep hours and breakfast intake assessed at 5\u2009years. The parametric g\u2010formula was used for analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average population\u2010level difference in rapid weight gain during infancy at 2\u2009years under the intervention targeting the prenatal, early postnatal factors and these factors combined with 95% confidence intervals were \u22120.012 (\u22120.017, \u22120.007), \u22120.009 (\u22120.012, \u22120.005) and \u22120.020 (\u22120.025, \u22120.015), respectively. The average population\u2010level differences in children's BMI\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score for interventions targeting early life factors, child EBRB and these factors combined were \u22120.225 (\u22120.244, \u22120.207), 0.02 (\u22120.021, 0.024) and \u22120.223 (\u22120.249, \u22120.196), respectively among 5\u2010year\u2010olds and \u22120.265 (\u22120.295, \u22120.236), \u22120.020 (\u22120.029, \u22120.011) and \u22120.285 (\u22120.315, \u22120.256), respectively among 8\u2010year\u2010olds. Our results suggested joint interventions on early life factors may reduce childhood BMI\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:59:21Z","timestamp":1742173161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of hypothetical early life interventions on rapid weight gain during infancy and body mass index at 5 and 8\u2009years in Norway: The Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (<scp>MoBa<\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3319-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teferi","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mekdes K.","family":"Gebremariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lene F.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanna","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Lise","family":"Brants\u00e6ter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Climate and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Cluster, Division of Health Service Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5932-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roch A.","family":"Nianogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"California Center for Population Research UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) & World Bank.Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF\/WHO\/The World Bank Group joint child maln\u2010utrition estimates: key findings of the 2021 edition. 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