{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:26:20Z","timestamp":1793993180495,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB16\/10\/00477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB16\/10\/00477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012619","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity and physical fitness are known to be influenced by various geographic factors and ethnicity in children. However, there is limited evidence on the level to which these factors can influence very early in life, at preschool age. This study aimed to describe and compare total and central obesity and physical fitness according to geographic factors and ethnicity in preschoolers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 3179 preschoolers (4.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9y, 52.8% boys). Geographic factors (location and type of area: rural\/urban) were assessed based on the school setting, while ethnicity was determined through parental self\u2010report. Total and central obesity and physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed\u2010agility, balance) were assessed using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PREFIT<\/jats:styled-content> battery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preschoolers from southern regions of Spain presented higher total obesity along with lower performance in cardiorespiratory fitness and lower\u2010limb muscular strength compared to their northern peers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.017). However, they demonstrated greater levels of upper\u2010limb muscular strength and balance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Preschoolers from rural areas of Spain showed higher central obesity but better fitness performance compared to those from urban areas (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.004). White and African preschoolers showed lower levels of total and central obesity than Latin preschoolers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.003) and performed better in upper\u2010limb muscular strength and speed\u2013agility compared to Asian or Latin preschoolers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.037).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights significant physical health inequalities among preschoolers based on geographical factors and ethnic backgrounds. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health strategies to address socioeconomic and environmental determinants of early\u2010life health disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T08:15:18Z","timestamp":1747124118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geographic and ethnic inequalities in total and central obesity, and physical fitness among preschool children: Insights from the <scp>PREFIT<\/scp> project"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4513-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cadenas\u2010Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge R.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galeno Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education University of C\u00e1diz  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mairena","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Castilla\u2010La Mancha Health and Social Research Center  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Corada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Faculty of Education and Sport, Deusto University  Bilbao Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Moliner\u2010Urdiales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Research Group Universitat Jaume I  Castellon Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Romero\u2010Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Rodriguez Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPORT Research Group (CTS\u20101024), CIBIS Research Center, Department of Education University of Almeria  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Palou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education University of the Balearic Islands  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Dorado\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Vicente\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development\u201d Research Group (EXER_GENUD S72_23R), Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD) Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n \u2010IA2\u2010, University of Zaragoza, CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco B.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jim\u00e9nez\u2010Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOVE\u2010IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz University of C\u00e1diz  Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890802307709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010022\u201013302\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). 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