{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:15:41Z","timestamp":1782260141123,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000023","name":"Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood obesity is a public health concern. Studies have investigated the effects of metal mixtures on childhood obesity but none have identified periods of heightened susceptibility of exposure. We identified the periods by investigating the association of metal mixture, measured at four time points, with adiposity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using data from the Maternal\u2010Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Research Platform, we included 234 child\u2013parent pairs. We measured whole blood metal concentrations during the first and third trimesters, early and late childhood. Outcomes were late childhood body mass index\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score (zBMI), body fat percentage (%BF) and waist circumference\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score (zWC). We used treed distributed lag mixture models (TDLMM) to investigate associations between metal mixture and adiposity. We also investigated associations using linear regression and conducted sex\u2010specific analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among females, arsenic was positively associated with zBMI and zWC. Regression results show that each doubling in third trimester arsenic concentrations was associated with 0.16 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.31) and 0.13 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.25) increase in zBMI and zWC, respectively. TDLMM results were similar but attenuated. We also observed negative associations between third trimester cadmium and zWC, null associations between other metals and adiposity and among males and no metal interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Third trimester is a period of heightened susceptibility to obesogenic effects of arsenic exposure in females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1757891940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exposure to Metal Mixtures and Childhood Adiposity: An Examination of Periods of Heightened Susceptibility Between Gestation and Late Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4416-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice M. Y.","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Health Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Borghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Health Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Health Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Palmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Physiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Booij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Douglas Mental Health University Institute McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Azrieli Research Center  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constadina","family":"Panagiotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Ashley\u2010Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Health Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"NHLBI NIH \u201cChildhood Obesity \u201d accessed January 10 2023 https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/overweight\u2010and\u2010obesity\/childhood\u2010obesity."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Government of CanadaandCanada S \u201cHealth Characteristics Annual Estimates \u201d 2023 https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1310009601."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-100219-060201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X19891305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.120-a62"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-024-00638-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-019-0224-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.13013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195312911.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.631179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"278","volume-title":"4.1: The WHO Child Growth Standards","author":"de O. 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