{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:52:47Z","timestamp":1787014367130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, there was a rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes in children and teenagers. We investigated whether new risk factors for diabetes in children emerged during the pandemic period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Using health records of a large, integrated health system, we evaluated the incidence of new\u2010onset T2D and prediabetes in patients aged 0\u201319\u2009years from 2020 to 2023. We utilised descriptive statistics, chi\u2010square and multivariable logistic regressions to predict the risk of T2D and prediabetes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared to children with normal weight, children with obesity (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001) and those overweight (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001) were more likely to develop prediabetes, and children with obesity were more likely to develop T2D (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001). Children aged 12\u201319 were more likely to develop prediabetes (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001) and T2D (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001) compared to younger children. Publicly insured children were more likely to develop T2D (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003). Black and Asian children were at higher risk than White individuals of developing both prediabetes (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001) and T2D (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.019 and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.02, respectively). COVID\u201019 infection was not a meaningful risk factor for prediabetes or T2D.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Risk factors for prediabetes and T2D in children remained the same during the pandemic as prior: adolescents, overweight\/obese patients, publicly insured individuals and non\u2010White individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T13:57:01Z","timestamp":1763128621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk Factors for Development of Type 2 and Prediabetes in Children During the\n COVID<\/scp>\n \u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jeralyn B.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Annapolis Maryland USA"},{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seohyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010shin","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Clayton","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Chesbrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Weinfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Research Institute Mid\u2010Atlantic Permanente Medical Group Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753\u20100407.13291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v12.i5.263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"J.Jacobs Y.Sheu K.Chesbrough andN.Weinfield \u201cTrends and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes in Children and Teens Through the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis \u201d2024presented at Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting; 2024; Toronto Canada. Session Endocrinology."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Increase in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Children During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic","volume":"107","author":"Pillai S. S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rhode Island Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.5068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.14543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022\u2010060640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.12.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry \u201cSocial Vulnerability Index \u201dhttps:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/place\u2010health\/php\/svi\/index.html#:~:text=The%20Centers%20for%20Disease%20Control quantify%20communities%20experiencing%20social%20vulnerability."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. \u201cSAS Enterprise Guide 8.3: User's Guide \u201dhttps:\/\/documentation.sas.com\/doc\/en\/egug\/8.3\/titlepage.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc \u201cSAS 9.4\u2014Today and Tomorrow \u201dhttps:\/\/support.sas.com\/software\/94\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"R Core Team \u201cThe R Project for Statistical Computing \u201dhttps:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18\u2010S002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19382014.2021.1909970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2025.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7102e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.39444"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijpo.70070","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ijpo.70070","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ijpo.70070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T23:46:00Z","timestamp":1769643960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijpo.70070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ijpo.70070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijpo.70070","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-6302","2047-6310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-6302","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-6310","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70070"}}