{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:18:57Z","timestamp":1790803137904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies suggest that children from lower socioeconomic status may be at higher risk of unhealthy eating. This study aims to examine the cumulative socioeconomic vulnerabilities and their association with dietary patterns and obesity levels in European children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 9664 parent\u2010child dyads (79% mothers; 50.8% girls) from six European countries participated in the study. Families provided baseline information on energy balance\u2010related behaviours and socioeconomic factors through questionnaires. Children's dietary habits were evaluated using semi\u2010quantitative food frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric data were collected. Vulnerabilities were quantified through a composition of variables based on household income, parental education and employment. Multivariable and logistic regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study found significant associations between socioeconomic vulnerability and children's dietary habits and body mass index. Higher vulnerability was linked to a lower probability of fruit and vegetable intake, and a higher probability of consuming red meat, and energy\u2010dense snacks. Children with the highest vulnerability had nearly four times higher odds of overweight\/obesity (OR\u2009=\u20093.82, 95% CI: 3.05\u20134.76).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study indicate that European children from families with a high socioeconomic vulnerability tend to have an unhealthy dietary profile and a higher degree of obesity. Therefore, public health programs should prioritise families facing high socioeconomic vulnerabilities promoting healthy eating to prevent childhood obesity at early stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical trials registry\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      : NCT02393872\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T23:49:01Z","timestamp":1768952941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Its Associations With Dietary Patterns and Obesity Degree Among Children in Families Across Six European Countries: The\n                    <scp>Feel4Diabetes<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lubna","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group University of Zaragoza  Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0454-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group University of Zaragoza  Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n (IA2)  Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n (IIS Arag\u00f3n)  Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus at the Technical University of Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven","family":"Annemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care Ghent University  Gent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Sports Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soukaina","family":"Hilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Health Sciences University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imre","family":"Rurik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Iotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of Varna  Varna Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Usheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of Varna  Varna Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetalina","family":"Tankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetology, Department of Endocrinology Medical University of Sofia  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science &amp; Education Harokopio University  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Manios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science &amp; Education Harokopio University  Athens Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Agri\u2010Food and Life Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre  Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estilos de Vida, Microbiota y Salud (GESMUD). Unidad Predepartamental de Enfermer\u00eda. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de La Rioja  Logro\u00f1o Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Feel4Diabetes\u2010Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.112680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.089029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-19.5.330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20425-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health Vulnerability Assessment of Slums\u2014A Tool for Better Planning of Health Programs in Urban Areas","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Heal Proj United States Agency Int Dev India"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00398-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcp046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131917697439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018002136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0469-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-44"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007193940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2008.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111744"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-5409-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00998-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Geography of Fast\u2010Food Outlets: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Fraser L. 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