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However, few studies have included young children or specifically examined effects on functional connectivity of frontostriatal networks undergirding functions implicated in appetite and body weight, such as reward processing and inhibitory control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsfMRI) data for 83 children (ages 2\u201311\u2009years) from the RESONANCE cohort who were born to mothers ranging in BMI as assessed pre\u2010pregnancy (BMI: mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD\u2009=\u200926.8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.8, range\u2009=\u200918.3\u201350.1). We examined associations between maternal BMI and child functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) with three regions in the frontal cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analyses controlling for maternal education and for child sex, age and current BMIz demonstrated that higher maternal pre\u2010pregnancy BMI was associated with stronger positive connectivity of NAcc with rostral prefrontal cortex and frontal pole. Stratified sensitivity analyses demonstrated that child effects were driven by weight variation among mothers with higher weights rather than representing an effect of lower maternal weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis found that increased BMI during pregnancy was associated with stronger positive frontostriatal connectivity in young children. Prospective studies incorporating gold\u2010standard measures of maternal and child adiposity and metabolic health as well as behavioural and cognitive measures are needed to understand implications and inform future interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:41:32Z","timestamp":1774849292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of Maternal Pre\u2010Pregnancy\n                    <scp>BMI<\/scp>\n                    With Frontostriatal Connectivity in Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmumin","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liuyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muriel M. K.","family":"Bruchhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences University of Stavanger  Stavanger Norway"},{"name":"Stavanger Medical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology University Hospital  Stavanger Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Beauchemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Baby Imaging Lab Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Baby Imaging Lab Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa Cano","family":"Lorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Baby Imaging Lab Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Baby Imaging Lab Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"RESONANCE CONSORTIUM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Koinis\u2010Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Baby Imaging Lab Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viren","family":"D'Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Baby Imaging Lab Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean C. L.","family":"Deoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Discovery &amp; Tools Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1078955"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1100724"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010\u20100505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.13042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201014458\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.101997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12541"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010023\u201002025\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061243"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201098574\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065\u2010010\u20109148\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010024\u201003030\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23926"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2012.679918"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x15666171017111532"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.70020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429\u2010020\u201002027\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061377"},{"issue":"314","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC Growth Charts: United States","volume":"8","author":"Kuczmarski R. 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